The Student’s Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience

539 Pages·2020·45.651 MB·English

by  Jamie Ward

The Student’s Guide to
Cognitive Neuroscience
Reflecting recent changes in the way cognition and the brain are studied, this
thoroughly updated fourth edition of this bestselling textbook provides a
comprehensive and student-friendly guide to cognitive neuroscience. Jamie
Ward provides an easy-to-follow introduction to neural structure and function,
as well as all the key methods and procedures of cognitive neuroscience, with
a view to helping students understand how they can be used to shed light on
the neural basis of cognition.
The book presents a comprehensive overview of the latest theories and
findings in all the key topics in cognitive neuroscience, including vision,
hearing, attention, memory, speech and language, numeracy, executive
function, social and emotional behavior and developmental neuroscience.
Throughout, case studies, newspaper reports, everyday examples and student-
friendly pedagogy are used to help students understand the more challenging
ideas that underpin the subject.
New to this edition:
• Increased focus on the impact of genetics on cognition
• New coverage of the cutting-edge field of connectomics
• Coverage of the latest research tools including tES and fNIRS and new
methodologies such as multi-voxel pattern analysis in fMRI research
• Additional content is also included on network versus modular
approaches, brain mechanisms of hand–eye coordination, neurobiological
models of speech perception and production and recent models of
anterior cingulate function.
Written in an engaging style by a leading researcher in the field and presented in
full color including numerous illustrative materials, this book will be invaluable
as a core text for undergraduate modules in cognitive neuroscience. It can
also be used as a key text on courses in cognition, cognitive neuropsychology,
biopsychology or brain and behavior. Those embarking on research will find
it an invaluable starting point and reference.
This textbook is supported by an extensive companion website for
students and instructors, including lectures by leading researchers, links
to key studies and interviews, interactive multiple-choice questions and
flashcards of key terms.
Jamie Ward is Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of
Sussex, UK. He is the author of a number of books on social and cognitive
neuroscience and on synesthesia, and is President of the British Association
of Cognitive Neuroscience.
The Student’s Guide to
Cognitive Neuroscience
To find additional tools to master the concepts and terminology covered in
The Student’s Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience, visit the companion website
for the fourth edition, available at:
www.routledge.com/cw/ward
What you will find on this website:
For students:
• Videos and links to interviews, lectures, documentaries, and studies
• Simulations of key experiments
• Interactive multiple-choice quizzes for each chapter
• Flashcards to test your knowledge of key terms.
For instructors:
• Lecture guides
• Downloadable PowerPoint teaching slides
• Additional quiz questions and answers.
THE STUDENT’S GUIDE
TO COGNITIVE
NEUROSCIENCE
Fourth Edition
JAMIE WARD
Fourth edition published 2020
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2020 Jamie Ward
The right of Jamie Ward to be identified as author of this work
has been asserted by him in accordance with Sections 77 and 78
of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be
trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Psychology Press 2006
Third edition published by Psychology Press 2013
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-1-138-49052-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-49054-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-351-03518-7 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK
Visit the companion website: www.routledge.com/cw/ward
Contents
About the author ix
Preface to the fourth edition xi
1 Introducing cognitive neuroscience 1
Cognitive neuroscience in historical perspective 2
Does cognitive psychology need the brain? 10
Does neuroscience need cognitive psychology? 12
From modules to networks 13
2 Introducing the brain 19
Structure and function of the neuron 19
The gross organization of the brain 24
The cerebral cortex 28
The subcortex 30
The midbrain and hindbrain 32
3 The electrophysiological brain 35
In search of neural representations: single-cell recordings 36
Electroencephalography and event-related potentials 41
Mental chronometry in electrophysiology and cognitive
psychology 46
Magnetoencephalography 52
4 The imaged brain 55
Structural imaging 56
Functional imaging 58
From image to cognitive theory: experimental design 63
Analyzing data from functional imaging 72
Interpreting data from functional imaging 75
Why do functional imaging data sometimes disagree with
lesion data? 77
Brain-reading: is “Big Brother” round the corner? 80
vi CONTENTS
5 The lesioned brain and stimulated brain 87
Dissociations and associations in neuropsychology 90
Single-case studies in cognitive neuropsychology 93
Group studies and lesion-deficit analysis in neuropsychology 97
Animal models in neuropsychology 100
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 102
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) 110
6 The developing brain 115
Structural development of the brain 118
Functional development of the brain 122
Nature and nurture of individual differences 129
7 The seeing brain 143
From eye to brain 144
Cortical blindness and “blindsight” 149
Functional specialization of the visual cortex beyond V1 152
Recognizing objects 156
Recognizing faces 164
Vision imagined 171
8 The hearing brain 175
The nature of sound 177
From ear to brain 178
Basic processing of auditory information 181
Music perception 186
Voice perception 191
Speech perception 193
9 The attending brain 203
Spatial and non-spatial attentional process 204
The role of the frontoparietal network in attention 208
Theories of attention 217
Neglect as a disorder of spatial attention and awareness 224
10 The acting brain 233
A basic cognitive framework for movement and action 234
The role of the frontal lobes in movement and action 235
Ownership and awareness of actions 242
Action comprehension and imitation 246
Acting on objects 249
Fronto-striatal and cerebellar networks in action 258
CONTENTS vii
11 The remembering brain 265
Short-term and working memory 266
Different types of long-term memory 271
Amnesia 273
Functions of the hippocampus and medial temporal
lobes in memory 279
Theories of remembering, knowing and forgetting 287
The role of the prefrontal cortex in long-term memory 292
12 The speaking brain 299
Spoken word recognition 301
Semantic memory and the meaning of words 307
Understanding and producing sentences 316
Retrieving and producing spoken words 323
13 The literate brain 331
Visual word recognition 334
Reading aloud: routes from spelling to sound 341
Spelling and writing 352
Does spelling use the same mechanisms as reading? 356
14 The numerate brain 359
Universal numeracy? 360
The meaning of numbers 362
Models of number processing 374
15 The executive brain 385
Anatomical and functional divisions of the prefrontal
cortex 387
Executive functions in practice 390
The organization of executive functions 398
The role of the anterior cingulate in executive functions 411
16 The social and emotional brain 415
Theories of emotion 416
Neural substrates of emotion processing 424
Reading faces 434
Understanding other minds 440
References 451
Author index 515
Subject index 517

About the author
Jamie Ward is Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Sussex,
UK. He completed degrees at the University of Cambridge (1991–1994) and
the University of Birmingham (1994–1997). He subsequently worked as a
Research Fellow at the University of Sussex (1997–1999) and as Lecturer and
Senior Lecturer at University College London (1999–2007). His principal
research interest lies in the cognitive neuroscience of synesthesia, although
he has published on many other topics, including frontal lobe function,
memory and disorders of reading and spelling. His research uses a number
of methods in cognitive neuroscience, including human neuropsychology,
functional imaging, EEG and TMS. His other books include The Frog Who
Croaked Blue: Synesthesia and the Mixing of the Senses and The Student’s
Guide to Social Neuroscience. He is the founding editor of the journal,
Cognitive Neuroscience, and is currently President of the British Association
of Cognitive Neuroscience (BACN).