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The Struggle for Free Speech in the United States, 1872-1915: Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and Anti-Comstock Operations (Studies in American Popular History and Culture) PDF

156 Pages·2007·0.79 MB·English
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Studies in American Popular History and Culture Edited by Jerome Nadelhaft University of Maine A Routledge Series Studies in American Popular History and Culture Jerome Nadelhaft, General Editor State of ‘The Union’ “The First of Causes to Our Sex” Marriage and Free Love in the Late The Female Moral Reform Movement in 1800s the Antebellum Northeast, 1834-1848 Sandra Ellen Schroer Daniel S. Wright “My Pen and My Soul Have Ever US Textile Production in Gone Together” Historical Perspective Thomas Paine and the American A Case Study from Massachusetts Revolution Susan M. Ouellette Vikki J. Vickers Women Workers on Strike Agents of Wrath, Sowers of Narratives of Southern Women Discord Unionists Authority and Dissent in Puritan Roxanne Newton Massachusetts, 1630-1655 Hollywood and Anticommunism Timothy L. Wood HUAC and the Evolution of the Red The Quiet Revolutionaries Menace, 1935–1950 How the Grey Nuns Changed the Social John Joseph Gladchuk Welfare Paradigm of Lewiston, Maine Negotiating Motherhood in Susan P. Hudson Nineteenth-Century American Cleaning Up Literature The Transformation of Domestic Service Mary McCartin Wearn in Twentieth Century New York City The Gay Liberation Youth Alana Erickson Coble Movement in New York Feminist Revolution in Literacy “An Army of Lovers Cannot Fail” Women’s Bookstores in the Stephan L. Cohen United States Gender and the American Junko R. Onosaka Temperance Movement of the Great Depression and the Nineteenth Century Middle Class Holly Berkley Fletcher Experts, Collegiate Youth and Business The Struggle For Free Speech in Ideology, 1929–1941 the United States, 1872–1915 Mary C. McComb Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Labor and Laborers of the Loom Foote, and Anti-Comstock Operations Mechanization and Handloom Weavers, Janice Ruth Wood 1780–1840 Gail Fowler Mohanty The Struggle for Free Speech in the United States, 1872–1915 Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and Anti-Comstock Operations Janice Ruth Wood New York London First published 2008 by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2008 Taylor & Francis Portions of Chapters Three and Four appear in “Prescription for a Periodical: Medicine, Sex, and Obscenity in the 19th Century, as told in Dr. Foote’s Health Monthly,” American Periodicals volume 18, no.1 (2008). Portions of Chapter Five appear in “Ida Craddock: Sentenced to Free-Speech Martyrdom,” Seek- ing A Voice: Images of Race and Gender in the 19th Century Press, eds: David B. Sachsman, S. Kittrell Rushing, and Roy Morris Jr., Purdue University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wood, Janice Ruth. The struggle for free speech in the United States, 1872-1915 : Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and anti-Comstock operations / by Janice Ruth Wood. p. cm.— (Studies in American popular history and culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-96246-3 1. Freedom of speech—United States—History. 2. Foote, Edward B. (Edward Bliss), 1829–1906. 3. Foote, Edward B. (Edward Bond), 1854–1912. I. Title. JC591.W66 2008 323.44’3097309034—dc22 2007031099 ISBN 0-203-93225-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-96246-3 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-93225-0 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-96246-9 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-93225-4 (ebk) Contents Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two Historical Background 11 Chapter Three Legal Encounters with Comstock 39 Chapter Four Free-Speech Organizational Activities 62 Chapter Five Personal Involvement in Free-Speech Cases 84 Chapter Six Conclusions 107 Appendix 129 Notes 131 Bibliography 135 Index 145 v Chapter One Introduction According to a fable written in 1881, a venomous spider cast a web over the insect community that kept alien moths out of the garden paradise. However, it also trapped butterflies, considered important for pollination. The bumblebee lawmakers, strong enough to fly through the web, ignored complaints from the garden’s weaker residents about the harsh methods used by the spider, who bore “on his broad dark back a growth of dirty white down, forming for all the world hieroglyphics which could be clearly interpreted as the letters A and C” (Foote Sr., 1881, p. 3). The A and C stood for Anthony Comstock (1836–1915), the mor- alistic New York crusader who spearheaded the national laws that gave postal officials license to remove from the mail any items they deemed “obscene, lewd or lascivious” or “of indecent character” (Fowler, 1977, p. 62–3). Written by Dr. Edward Bliss Foote (1829–1906), the fable warned readers of the immediate dangers imposed by the Comstock Laws on freedom of the press, particularly for literature on sex education. The cause was personal for Foote, he explained in 1881 (pp. 11–13). He had felt the sting of Comstock’s actions with the suppression of birth control information that appeared in the home medical books that Foote mailed to customers nationwide from his New York City medical practice in the mid-19th Century. After presenting the spider fable in a booklet, Dr. Foote then cited a few legal cases that exemplified threats he had seen to free speech, including his own. He and his son, Dr. Edward Bond Foote (1854–1912), sought to repeal the Comstock Act while working with the National Liberal League, which eventually splintered over the issue. The Footes led the more radical faction to form the National Defense Association in 1878 for the financial and moral support of Comstock defendants. At the turn of the century, their leadership and money helped launch the Free Speech League when 1 2 The Struggle for Free Speech in the United States, 1872–1915 new laws against anarchist speech added yet another peril for freedom of expression (Rabban, 1997, pp. 24–5). However, the two doctors Foote have been recorded in history pri- marily as pioneers in birth control or as publishers of popular medical books for the general public. But even in the late 19th Century, they stood out among physicians promoting contraception as “conscious, articulate social reformers” (Gordon, 2002, p. 111) with free speech being a favor- ite cause. This study illuminates the “forgotten” period in free speech between the Civil War and World War I (Rabban, 1997, Foreword) by examining the valuable contributions made by Edward Bliss Foote and Edward Bond Foote to organizations that mounted resistance to the Com- stock laws on obscenity. It is important here to note for clarification the manner in which the two Footes will be mentioned; with two such similar names a discussion can become confusing. The father and son were not actually a senior and junior because their middle names differed. However, during their lifetimes the two men were known as E. B. Foote (or E. B. Foote Sr.) and E. B. Foote Jr.; therefore, calling them Foote Sr. and Foote Jr. is truer to the record than using the strictly proper forms. ENVIRONMENT FOR FREE SPEECH The period in which the Footes worked has been described by legal scholar David Rabban as the forgotten years of free speech because previous gen- erations of researchers had considered the period between the Civil War and World War I devoid of First Amendment significance. In a 1997 book titled Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years, Rabban contended that the court battles related to sex reformers (such as the Footes in the area of birth con- trol) and proponents of anarchism and socialism had been largely ignored under the assumption that the period produced no legal decisions and scholarship of significance for future generations in handling issues related to freedom of expression. Rabban’s section on “The Lost Tradition of Libertarian Radicalism” (Chapt. 1) prominently features the discord surrounding the Comstock Act, including the work of the Footes and the First Amendment schol- arship of Theodore Schroeder, a close colleague of the Footes. Rabban regarded the National Defense Association and the Free Speech League as bastions of the free-speech principles that inspired the American Civil Liberties Union (p. 24). According to Rabban, post-World War I progressive thinkers (includ- ing legal scholar Zechariah Chafee and members of the ACLU) perceived Introduction 3 the value of free speech differently from their predecessors. They promoted its value to political democracy rather than its status as an inherent right of individuals (p. 4) and distanced themselves from prewar disputes over sex-related issues and the labor violence of the Industrial Workers of the World, or “Wobblies.” Such controversies had left a trail of repression and unfavorable judicial decisions that might have hampered the progressives’ new vision for free speech (p. 5). Amid the forgotten years, Anthony Comstock launched his campaign against obscenity from the YMCA in New York City. He set his sights on national legislation to thwart those who defied Victorian sensibilities and thereby posed imminent threats to the innocence of children and the moral fabric of America. After scant debate, Congress passed the bill he proposed that became known as the Comstock Act (Horowitz, 2002, p. 382). The maximum fine specified was $5,000, and prison terms ranged up to 10 years. As amended in 1876, the act declared: Every obscene, lewd, or lascivious book, pamphlet, picture, paper, print, or other publication of an indecent character, and every article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortion . . . are hereby declared to be non-mailable matter, and shall not be conveyed in the mails, nor delivered from any post office nor by any letter carrier; and any person who shall knowingly deposit, or cause to be deposited, for mailing or delivery, anything declared in this section to be non-mailable matter . . . shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. . . . (Fowler, 1977, pp. 62–3) KEY CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FOOTES Even before the passage of the national Comstock laws, its namesake had already encountered resistance from E. B. Foote Sr. The older doctor had been the sole opponent of legislation Comstock proposed to the New York state assembly in 1872. Foote Sr. would later assert that Comstock retaliated by prosecuting him for the Words in Pearl for Married People Only pamphlet inserted into his popular medical books. The doctor was convicted and fined $3,500 for mailing information to married couples about birth control and the contraceptives he offered for sale (Sears, 1977, p. 195). The doctor’s legal struggle galvanized a group of social reformers bent on liberalizing the restrictive attitudes toward sex that dominated Victorian society. In the three previously mentioned organizations, they challenged

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Passed in 1873, the Comstock Act banned 'obscene' materials from the mail without defining obscenity, leaving it open to interpretation by courts that were hostile to free speech. Literature that reflected changing attitudes toward sexuality, religion, and social institutions fell victim to the Coms
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