the structure and reproduction of the algae

810 Pages·2012·25.72 MB·English

THE STRUCTURE
AND REPRODUCTION OF
THE ALGAE
FRONTISPIECE : Draparnaldiopsis indica Bharadwaja
(photo: Prof. Y. Bharadwaia)
THE STRUCTURE
AND REPRODUCTION OF
THE ALGAE
VOLUME I
Introduction, Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae,
Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae,
Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae,
Colourless Flagellata
BY
F. E. FRITSCH, D.Sc, F.k.o.
Professor of Botany in the Uni'versity of
London, Queen Mary College
so-v
CAMBRIDGE
LT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1948
First printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge
Reprinted by litho-offset
by Jarrold & Sons Ltd
and published by the Cambridge University Press
(Cambridge, and Bentley House, London)
Agents for U.S.A., Canada, and India: Macmillan
CONTENTS
Draparnaldiopsis indica Bharadwaja . . . Frontispiece
PREFACE TO VOLUME I . . . • . . page xv
iNTRODUCTIOfJ . . . . ..
Algae and Flagellata . . . ..
The Broad Classification of the Algae 4
The Range of Structure among the Algae 12
{d) The Motile Type . . .. 12
{b) Palmelloid and Dendroid Types . 15
(c) The Coc.coid Habit . . .. 16
(d) The Origin and Characteristics of the Fila
mentous Habit . . .. 17
(e) The Heterotrichous Habit . 20
(/) The Siphoneous Habit 21
{g) The Advanced Types of Algal Construction 21
Qi) Epiphytes, Endophytes, Parasites . 24
(j) Parallelism. 27
The Special Structural Features of the Algal Cell 28
Nucleus . 28
Centrosomes 29
Flagella .
31
Eye-spot (stigma)
33
Contractile vacuoles
35
Mitochondria (Chondriosomes)
37
The General Course of Reproduction in the Algae 38
Vegetative Reproduction . 38
.Asexual Reproduction 39
Sexual Reproduction. 43
The Life-cycle of the Algae 51
Literature relevant to the Iritroduction 54
VI CONTENTS
CLASS I. CHLOROPHYCEAE (ISOKONTAE) page 60
The Cell-wall . . ' 61
The Protoplast . . , 62
Chloroplasts and Pyrenoids . . • . ,' . 63
The Nucleus 69
Reproduction . . . . . .. 72
Classification and Status of the Chlorophyceae . . 73
Literature relating to the Introductory Discussion of
the Chlorophyceae . • • • 75
ORDER L VOLVOCALES . . . . . 77
(a) The Motile Forms (Suborder Chlamydomonadi-
neae) . . . . .. 78
Unicellular Forms . . .. 78.
Chlamydomonadaceae 78
Sphaerellaceae. 83
Polyblepharidaceae . . . , 8S
Phacotaceae . . . .. 88
Colourless Unicellular Types 90
Asexual Reproduction among the Unicellular
Chlamydomonadineae . .. 91
Palmelloid and other Sedentary Phases . 94
The Colonial Forms . . .. 95
Asexual Reproduction of the Colonial Forms 106
Sexual Reproduction of the Chlamydomonadi
neae 109
The Further Development of the Zygote 116
(b) The Palmelloid Forms (Suborder Tetrasporineae) 121
• The Family Tetrasporaceae . . .. 122
The Family Palmellaceae . . .. 125
Reproduction of the Tetrasporineae 129
The Dendroid Forms (Suborder Chlorodendri-
(c)
neae) . . ; " ' . . .. 130
Classification of the Volvocales . _ . 136
Literature of Yolvocales . . . .. 137
CONTENTS Vll
ORDER II. CHLOROCOCCALES . . . ., page 145
Chlorococciim and Chlorella . . . . . 1 45
The Unicellular Chlorococcales . 147
The Endophytic Habit among Chlorococcales 154
The Colonial Chlorococcales . . .. 159
Chlorellaceae . . . .. 159
Oocystaceae . . . .. 159
Selenastraceae . .. .. . . 162
Dictyosphaeriaceae . . .. 163
The Family Hydrodictyaceae 166
The Family Coelastraceae ' . 174
The Affinities and Classification of the Chlorococcale 5 178
The Ecology and Physiology of the Chlorococcales 180
The Family Chlorosphaeraceae 190
Literature of Chlorococcales . 191
ORDER III. ULOTRICHALES 198
The Suborder Ulotrichineae . 199
(a) The Filamentous Types 199
Microspora . .. 208
Cylindrocapsa . . . 210
(b) The Thalloid Types (Ulvaceae) 212
The Suborder Prasiolineae 217
The Suborder Sphaeropleineae 220
The Classification of Ulotrichales . 226
Literature of Ulotrichales 226
ORDER IV. CLADOPHORALES 229
Vegetative Structure 231
The Aegagropilous Cladophoraceae • 237
Reproduction . . ..
239
The Affinities of the Cladophoraceae 242
The genus Wittrockiella
243
The genus Arnoldiella .
245
Literature of Cladophorales . 246
vni CONTENTS
ORDER V. CHAETOPHORALES page 248
(a) The Family Chaetophora'ceae . . 2 49
The Chaetophoreae • 249
Reproduction of the Chaetophorea ' • - 2 55
Prostrate Types (Prostratae). • 258
The SpeciaHsed Erect Types (Erec tae) . .^ 262
Reproduction of the Specialised C haetophora-
ceae . . 264
(b) The Family Trentepohliaceae . : 266
The Gongrosireae . 1266
The Gomontieae . . . . . .. 270
The Trentepohlieae • 273
(c) The Family Coleochaetaceae . 281
(d) The Family Chaetosphaeridiaceae . 286
(e) The genus Pleurococcus . 289
The Status of the Chaetophorales . 290
Literature of Chaetophorales . 291
ORDER VI. OEDOGONIALES 296
Vegetative Structure 296
Vegetative and Asexual Reproduction 301
Sexual Reproduction . * .
• 303
The Status of the Oedogoniales • 308
Literature of Oedogoniales
• 309
ORDER VIL CONJUGALES . 310
Suborder L EUCONJUGATAE . • 3"
{a) The MesOtaenioideae (Saccoderm Desmids) . 311
{b\ The Zygnemoideae
' ' • - 3 16
Vegetative Structure 316
Fragmentation of the Threads 320
The Process of Conjugation 322
{a) Zygnemaceae .
• 323
{b) Mougeotiaceae
• 329
Germination of the Zygospores
• _ • - 3 33
The Classification of the Zygner noideae . 336
CONTENTS IX
Suborder II. DESMIDIOIDEAE (PLACODERM DESMIDS) page 337
Structure of the Cell. . . . , , 338
'Cell-division . . . . . .. 345
The Process of Conjugation . . .. 348
The Evolutionary Sequence in Desmids 353
Occurrence and Distribution of Desmids 360
Interrelationships and Affinities of the. Conjugales 361
Literature of Conjugales , . . .. 362
ORDER VIII. SIPHONALES . . .. • 368
{a) The Family Protosiphonaceae . 370
{b) • The Fs(mily Caulerpaceae- 374
Bryopsis . . . . . .. 375
Caulerpa . . . . .. 377
(c) The Family Derbesiaceae 385
(d) The Family Dasycladaceae 387
The Acetabularieae . . .. 393
The t"ossil Dasycladaceae 397
The Reproduction of the Dasycladaceae 401
(e) The Family Codiaceae . . .. 402
Vegetative Structure . . .. 402
The Reproduction of the Codiaceae 41 r
(/) The Family Valoniaceae . . ..
413
Vegetative Structure . . .. 413
• The Reproduction of the Valoniaceae -. 424
(g) The Family Chaetosiphonaceae
• 425
(h) The Family Phyllosiphonaceae . 426
(i) The Family Vaucheriaceae . 428
Vegetative Structure . . .. . 428
Asexual Reproduction .
• 431
Sexual. Reproduction . . .. • 435
The Affinities of the Vaucheriaceae • 438
Taxonomy . . . . . ..
• 439
Literature of Siphonales • 440
X CONTENTS
ORDER IX. CHARALES page 447
Vegetative Structure
447
Cell-structure
453
Sexual Reproduction 455
Embryology 461
Vegetative Reproduction 463
The Position of the Charales among the Algae 465
Literature of Charales . . .. 466
CLASS IL XANTIIOPHYCEAE (HETERO-
KONTAE) 470
ORDER I. HETEROCHLORWALES . . 470
(a) The Motile Unicellular Forms (Heterochlorineae) 470
(b) The Palmelloid Forms (Heterocapsineae) . 474
(c) The Dendroid Forms (Heterodendrineae) . 478
(d) The Rhizopodial Forms (Heterorhizidineae) 480
ORDER IL HETEROCOCCALES . . .. 481
The Zoosporic Forms . . . .. 481
The Azoosporic Unattached Forms 484
The Epiphytic Heterococcales 486
ORDER III. HBTEROTRICHALES . 491
ORDER IV. HETEROSIPHONALES^ . . .. 495
Amoeboid and Heterotrophic Types among the
Xanthophyceae . . . .. 499
The Status and Relationships of the Xanthophyceae 501
Literature of Xanthophyceae . .. 503
CLASS III. CHRYSOPHYCEAE . 507
The General Characteristics of the Class . 508