The Structural Basis of Architecture

577 Pages·2019·96.687 MB·English, Norwegian

by  Cruvellier, Mark R., Eggen, Arne Petter, Sandaker, Bjørn Normann

THIRD
“The profession of the master-builders split into the independent disciplines of architecture and structural engineering EDITION
in the 19th century. In order to pursue a holistic approach, architects need an understanding of the structural basis of THE
architecture. For this purpose, there is no better reading imaginable than this book. This is not only true for students, T
but also for practitioners who want to understand how buildings function structurally. Moreover, I would recommend H
this book to engineers, who seek to understand the reasoning and motivation of architects in order to find structural
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solutions for their intentions.” Manfred Grohmann, Founder and principal of Bollinger+Grohmann Ingenieure;

Professor for Structural Design, Faculty of Architecture, University of Kassel S
T STRUCTURAL
“The Structural Basis of Architecture, third edition, is a comprehensive account of the many trickeries architects R
employ to defeat ‘nature’. Since structure is our ultimate tool, the more extended our understanding of it the better U
chances to make a seamless transition of loads, either live or dead, into the ground.” Mauricio Pezo & Sofia von C
Ellrichshausen, founding partners of Pezo von Ellrichshausen T
U
“What a delightful book! The Structural Basis of Architecture has been widely recognized as a classic that exposes R BASIS OF
how structures make Architecture. In this revisited third edition, new contemporary case studies, colored illustrations A
and an original chapter on structural systems sharpen and further reinforce any reader’s learning experience. Every L
student in architecture should study this book.” Sigrid Adriaenssens, Associate Professor, Department of Civil and
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Environmental Engineering, Princeton University
A
Review of the second edition S
ARCHITECTURE
“The Structural Basis of Architecture uses a myriad of historical and contemporary case studies to provide a concise I
S
and thorough explanation of the relationship between engineering and architecture. This book is an indispensable

source for anyone interested in the logic of structures and their role not just in supporting but in imagining O
architecture.” Mohsen Mostafavi, Dean, and Alexander and Victoria Wiley Professor of Design, Harvard University F
Graduate School of Design
A
R
C THIRD EDITION
This is a book that shows how to “see” structures as being integral to architecture. It engages a subject that is both
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about understanding the mechanical aspects of structure as well as being able to relate this to the space, form, and
I
conceptual design ideas that are inherent to the art of building. T
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Analyzing the structural principles behind many of the best-known works of architecture from past and present alike, C
this book places the subject within a contemporary context. The subject matter is approached in a qualitative and T
discursive manner, illustrated by many photographs and structural behavior diagrams. Accessible mathematical U
equations and worked-out examples are also included so as to deepen a fundamental understanding of the topic. R
E
This new edition is revised and updated throughout, and is perfect as either an introductory structures course text or
as a designer’s sourcebook for inspiration.
B
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Bjørn N. Sandaker is a structural engineer and Professor of Architectural Technology at The Oslo School of R
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Architecture and Design (AHO), Norway, as well as Adjunct Professor at the Norwegian University of Science and & N
Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway. MA. S
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Arne P. Eggen is an architect and Emeritus Professor at The Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO), Norway. RDA
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Cover image: © Hisao Suzuki
ISBN 978-1-138-65199-9
BJØRN N. SANDAKER, ARNE P. EGGEN
www.routledge.com
9 781138 651999
Routledge titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats
MARK R. CRUVELLIER
&
The
STrucTural BaSiS
of archiTecTure
This is a book that shows how to “see” structures as being integral to Bjørn N. Sandaker is a structural engineer and Professor of
architecture. It engages a subject that is both about understanding Architectural Technology at The Oslo School of Architecture and
the mechanical aspects of structure as well as being able to relate Design (AHO), Norway, as well as Adjunct Professor at the Norwegian
this to the space, form, and conceptual design ideas that are inherent University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway.
to the art of building. His particular academic interest focuses on the borderline between
Analyzing the structural principles behind many of the best-known architecture and structural engineering. He is author of On Span
works of architecture from past and present alike, this book places and Space: Exploring Structures in Architecture (Routledge 2008)
the subject within a contemporary context. The subject matter is and co-author of Model Perspectives: Structure, Architecture and
approached in a qualitative and discursive manner, illustrated by Culture (Routledge 2017).
many photographs and structural behavior diagrams. Accessible
mathematical equations and worked-out examples are also included arne P. eggen is an architect and Emeritus Professor at The Oslo
so as to deepen a fundamental understanding of the topic. School of Architecture and Design (AHO), Norway. For over three
This new, color edition’s format has been thoroughly revised decades he taught and conducted research on the architectural
and its content updated and expanded throughout. It is perfect basis of structure and bridge design. Eggen has been awarded
as either an introductory structures course text or as a designer’s several international prizes for his bridge design work.
sourcebook for inspiration, for here two essential questions are
addressed in parallel fashion: “How do structures work?” and “What Mark r. cruvellier is a structural engineer and the Nathaniel and
form do structures take in the context of architecture – and why Margaret Owings Distinguished Alumni Memorial Professor in
so?” A rich, varied and engaging rationale for structural form in Architecture as well as former Chair of the Department of Architecture
architecture thus emerges. at Cornell University, USA. He teaches and conducts research in the
area of structural form and behavior considered within the context
of architecture and is co-author of Model Perspectives: Structure,
Architecture and Culture (Routledge 2017). Cruvellier has worked
on numerous built projects ranging from sliver skyscrapers in New
York City to wilderness footbridges in British Columbia, Canada.

T h e
S T r u c T u r a l B a S i S
o f a r c h i T e c T u r e
Third ediTioN

Bjørn N. Sandaker, Arne P. Eggen,
and Mark R. Cruvellier
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,------------------ - - -
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Our traveling globe in galactic endlessness is divided into latitude and longitude.
With help of this grid, every point on the earth’s surface has its number.
At the grid’s intersections each plant, each creature receives
its individual technology – its structure formed and created
by the clouds’ movements, the wind’s strength, and the shifting positions of the sun.
On this organic mat, the acrobat (builder) attempts, with the help of instruments,
to deceive gravity and challenge death with every leap.
And when the perplexities of thought within your soul is provided space on earth,
arises a duel with substance. Amidst brutality’s heat,
beauty is born…
Sverre Fehn
(1924–2009)
Third edition published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Bjørn N. Sandaker, Arne P. Eggen and Mark R. Cruvellier
The right of Bjørn N. Sandaker, Arne P. Eggen and Mark R. Cruvellier to be
identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
First edition published 1992 by Whitney Library of Design, an imprint
of Watson-Guptill Publications, translated from the Norwegian edition
published by Grondahl og Dreyers Forlag 1989
Second edition published by Routledge 2011
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sandaker, Bjørn Normann, 1954– author. | Eggen, Arne Petter,
author. | Cruvellier, Mark, author.
Title: The structural basis of architecture / Bjørn N. Sandaker, Arne P.
Eggen and Mark R. Cruvellier.
Other titles: Arkitekturens konstruktive grunnlag. English
Description: Third edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018044712| ISBN 9781138651982 (hb : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781138651999 (pb : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315624501 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Architectural design. | Structural design.
Classification: LCC NA2750 .S2313 2019 | DDC 729—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018044712
ISBN: 978-1-138-65198-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-65199-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-62450-1 (ebk)
Designed and typeset by Alex Lazarou
contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 structuring space 1
1.1 Structure as Spatial Generator and Mechanical Object 2
1.2 Spatial Aspects 5
1.3 Mechanical Aspects 11
2 introducing structural systems 19
2.1 Revealing Structures 20
2.2 Basic Structural Elements and Systems 24
2.3 Contrasting Systems in Tokyo 32
2.4 Fundamental Structural Actions 34
2.5 Overall Stability – Taking a Bird’s-eye View 39
3 loads 47
3.1 CaixaForum – Loads to Consider 48
3.2 Loads on Buildings – Dead or (a)Live? 50
3.3 Dead Loads – Weights of Immovable Things 52
3.4 National Theater Railway Station’s Underground Entrance 56
3.5 Occupancy Live Loads – Animate Objects, but Inanimate Too 58
3.6 Loading Diagrams – Abstractions of Reality 62
3.7 Loads from Nature – Earth, Wind, and More 66
4 statics 81
4.1 Polonceau – Past and Present 82
4.2 Isaac Newton and the Mechanical Basis of Structures 84
4.3 Pyramidal Contrasts – Weight vs. Lightness 86
4.4 Forces and Moments – Concepts to Explain Movement and Deformation 90
4.5 Equilibrium – A Fundamental Structural Requisite 94
4.6 Intermezzo Italiano 98
4.7 Support Conditions and Reactions 99
4.8 Nordic Expressions of Forces and Moments 104
vii
contents
5 materials 111
5.1 St. Paul’s to Tate Modern – A Material Walkabout 112
5.2 The Mechanical and Physical Properties of Materials 120
5.3 Lessons from History and Nature 126
5.4 Concrete, Stone, Earth, and Clay Bricks 130
5.5 Steel, Iron, and Aluminum 138
5.6 Wood and Cardboard 142
5.7 Glass 147
5.8 Fibers and Fabrics 150
5.9 Plastics and Composites 152
5.10 The Case of Chairs – Exploiting Material Properties 154
6 the hanger and the tie 159
6.1 Jazz at Lincoln Center – A Hanging Glass Wall 160
6.2 Floating Space 162
6.3 The Vertical Hanger 165
6.4 Inclining the Hanger – The Stayed System 169
6.5 Ypsilon – An Asymmetrical Cable-Stayed Footbridge 173
6.6 Ties and Guys 176
6.7 A Tale of Tension in Two Towers 179
6.8 Tension Elements and Connections 181
7 the beam and the slab 191
7.1 Nordic Pavilion and Jewish Museum – Contrasting Beam Patterns 192
7.2 Beam Origins 195
7.3 Equilibrium from Internal Actions 198
7.4 Fallingwater – Cantilevering Terraces 202
7.5 Visualizing Beam Actions – Shear and Moment Diagrams 204
7.6 Form Follows Diagram, Or Not … 207
7.7 Deformations and Internal Stresses 210
7.8 The Trouble with Beams, and Shape or Material Responses 218
7.9 The Virtues of Continuity 229
7.10 Two-Way Action and Beam Grids 233
7.11 From Lingotto to Sendaï – Beam Articulations 238
7.12 The Slab – Beams Stretched Thin 240
viii
contents
8 the column and the wall 247
8.1 Maison Carrée et Carré d’Art – Columns in Dialogue 248
8.2 Compression Elements – How They Work 249
8.3 Exploring the Capital 251
8.4 Leonard Euler and the Slender Column 256
8.5 Mikado – A Multitude of Columns 262
8.6 The Shape of Compressive Elements 264
8.7 The Masters’ Cruciform Columns 268
8.8 The Wall 270
8.9 Urban Ramps and Retaining Walls 278
9 the truss and the space frame 283
9.1 USAF Hanger and BMW World – The Space Frame Evolves 284
9.2 Spanning Truss History 286
9.3 Triangulation and Internal Stability 289
9.4 Roof Systems from East and West 293
9.5 How Trusses Work 296
9.6 Joint Adventures 302
9.7 How Trusses Look 303
9.8 Two Trussed Roofs in Berlin and Bern 311
9.9 Space Frames – 3-D Truss Action 316
9.10 Tensegrity – When Columns Fly 322
10 the frame and the shear wall 327
10.1 Greenwich Academy – Framing Light and Space 328
10.2 A Triad of Stabilizing Subsystems 330
10.3 French Frames 334
10.4 Shear Walls – Basic Behavior and Form Variations 337
10.5 Braced Frames – Basic Behavior and Form Variations 343
10.6 Rigid Frames – Basic Behavior 352
10.7 Rigid Frames – Form Variations 362
10.8 Nordic Moments, Nordic Spaces 374
10.9 The Vierendeel – Adapting the Rigid Frame 380
ix