THE STRAIT GATE YY66772277..iinnddbb ii 55//2222//1155 1100::5555::5533 AAMM This page intentionally left blank The Strait Gate Thresholds and Power in Western History Daniel Jütte Yale university press New Haven & London YY66772277..iinnddbb iiiiii 55//2222//1155 1100::5555::5544 AAMM Published with assistance from the foundation established in memory of Calvin Chapin of the Class of 1788, Yale College. Copyright © 2015 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail [email protected] (U.S. offi ce) or [email protected] (U.K. offi ce). Set in Walbaum MT type by Newgen North America Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015931017 isbn 978-0-300-21108-5 (cloth : alk. paper) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 YY66772277..iinnddbb iivv 55//2222//1155 1100::5555::5544 AAMM I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved. —John 10:9 The door speaks. —Georg Simmel, “Bridge and Door” (1909) YY66772277..iinnddbb vv 55//2222//1155 1100::5555::5544 AAMM This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS introduction 1 chapter one. “I Am the Door”: Portals of Salvation and Status 23 chapter two. The Power of the Keys 81 chapter three. “Whence Is That Knocking?”: Precarious Passages 134 chapter four. Reading Doors 175 chapter five. The “City’s Eyes”: Gates and the Urban History of Europe 209 YY66772277..iinnddbb vviiii 55//2222//1155 1100::5555::5544 AAMM contents epilogue 252 acknowledgments 259 notes 261 bibliography 311 illustration credits 355 index 359 [ viii ] YY66772277..iinnddbb vviiiiii 55//2222//1155 1100::5555::5544 AAMM THE STRAIT GATE YY66772277..iinnddbb iixx 55//2222//1155 1100::5555::5544 AAMM