THE STORY OF SILVER Silver Prices for 200 Years This semi-log chart shows the annual average price per troy ounce of pure silver in U.S. dollars from 1792 through 2015 and some of the major events influencing the white metal during that period. The data are spliced from the following sources: 1) The U.S. Mint price from 1792–1833; 2) The average market price reported by the Department of the Mint, 1834–1909; 3) The average of monthly prices reported by the CRB database, 1910–1946; 4) The average of daily prices reported by the CRB database, 1947–2015. The annual average price in 1980 is lower than in 2011, even though the daily peak price ($50) was higher in 1980, because daily prices fell more precipitously during 1980 compared with 2011. Note: Because of inflation, the value of $1.29 in 1792 is equivalent to $31.30 in current dollars of 2011, when silver hit a peak of $48 (based on the consumer price index calculator from the EH.net website of the Economic History Association). By the Same Author Volcker: The Triumph of Persistence When Washington Shut Down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America’s Monetary Supremacy Financial Options: From Theory to Practice (coauthor) Principles of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets (coauthor) Financial Innovation (editor) Money (coauthor) Portfolio Behavior of Financial Institutions THE STORY OF SILVER HOW THE WHITE METAL SHAPED AMERICA AND THE MODERN WORLD WILLIAM L. SILBER PRINCET ON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON & OXFORD Copyright © 2019 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved LCCN 2018941299 ISBN 9780691175386 eISBN 9780691184517 (ebook) Version 1.0 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Editorial: Peter Dougherty and Jessica Yao Production Editorial: Natalie Baan Text and Jacket Design: Leslie Flis Production: Jacqueline Poirier Publicity: James Schneider Jacket Credit: 1879 US silver dollar To Danny You left us too soon CONTENTS From the Author xiii Main Characters xvii INTRODUCTION Obsession 1 CHAPTER 1 Hamilton’s Design 10 CHAPTER 2 Solving the Crime of 1873 17 CHAPTER 3 Free Silver 27 CHAPTER 4 Seeds of Roosevelt’s Manipulation 38 CHAPTER 5 FDR Promotes Silver 45 CHAPTER 6 Silver Subsidy 52 CHAPTER 7 China and America Collide 60 CHAPTER 8 Bombshell in Shanghai 71 CHAPTER 9 Silver Lining 90 CHAPTER 10 Costly Victory 99 CHAPTER 11 JFK’s Double Cross 104 CHAPTER 12 LBJ Nails the Coffin Shut 119 CHAPTER 13 Psychiatrist’s Meltdown 131 CHAPTER 14 Battle Lines 146 CHAPTER 15 Nelson Bunker Hunt 150 CHAPTER 16 Heavyweight Fight 165 CHAPTER 17 Saudi Connection 175 CHAPTER 18 Silver Soars 183 CHAPTER 19 Collapse 202 CHAPTER 20 The Trial 224 CHAPTER 21 Buffett’s Manipulation? 236 CHAPTER 22 Message from Omaha 242 CHAPTER 23 The Past Informs the Future 249 Notes 253 Selected Bibliography 317 About the Author 327 Illustration Credits 329 Index 331 A lover of silver will never be satisfied with silver. —Ecclesiastes 5
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