The Sticky Synapse: Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Synapse Formation and Maintenance PDF
Preview The Sticky Synapse: Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Synapse Formation and Maintenance
The Sticky Synapse Michael Hortsch Hisashi Umemori l Editors The Sticky Synapse Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Synapse Formation and Maintenance 1 3 Editors MichaelHortsch HisashiUmemori DepartmentofCell&Developmental MolecularandBehavioralNeuroscience Biology InstituteandDepartmentofBiological UniversityofMichigan Chemistry MedicalSchool 109ZinaPitcherPlace 109ZinaPitcherPlace AnnArbor,MI48109 AnnArborMI48109 USA BiomedicalSciences [email protected] ResearchBldg. USA [email protected] Coverillustrations:DevelopingSynapses-Synapsesareformedatpointsofcontactbetweenaxons and their targets. From left, Drosophila neuromuscular junctions (motor axons, red; muscles, green),mouseneuromuscularjunctions(motoraxons,green;neuromuscularjunctions,pink),and mousecerebellarsynapsesinculture(pontineaxons,blue;cerebellargranulecelldendrites,pink; synapses,green). CourtesyofCarrero-MartinezandChiba(Drosophila)andHarrisandUmemori(mouse). ISBN978-0-387-92707-7 e-ISBN978-0-387-92708-4 DOI10.1007/978-0-387-92708-4 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009929373 #SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permissionofthepublisher(SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,evenifthey arenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyare subjecttoproprietaryrights. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateof going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty, expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Themolecularmechanisms,whichareresponsibleforthefunctionaldifferences betweenthevarioustypesofneuronalsynapses,havebecomeoneofthecentral themes of modern neurobiology. It is becoming increasingly clear that a misregulation of synaptogenesis and synaptic remodeling and dysfunctional neuronalsynapsesareattheheartofseveralhumandiseases,bothneurological disorders and psychiatric conditions. As synapses present specialized cellular junctionsbetweenneuronsandtheirtargetcells,itmaynotcomeasasurprise that neural cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are of special importance for the genesisandthemaintenanceofsynapticconnections.Genesencodingadhesive molecules make up a significant portion of the human genome, and neural CAMseven havebeenpostulated tobe amajor factor intheevolution ofthe humanbrain.Thesearejustsomeofthemanyreasonswhywethoughtabook on neural CAMs and their role in establishing and maintaining neuronal synapses would be highly appropriate for summarizing our current state of knowledge. Without question, over the near future, additional adhesive proteins will join the ranks of synaptic CAMs and our knowledge, and how thesemoleculesenableneuronsandtheirtargetstocommunicateeffectivelywill grow.Wehopethatthisbookwillprovideacomprehensiveandtimelysynopsis of the role of CAMs at synaptic connections and will encourage other researchers to join this exciting field of neuroscience, which has the promise notonlytoyieldnewinsightsintothefunctioningofourbrainbutalsotoshed lightonsomedevastatinghumandiseases. MichaelHortsch AnnArbor,MI HisashiUmemori v Contents 1 AShortHistoryoftheSynapse–GolgiVersus Ramo´nyCajal.......................................... 1 MichaelHortsch 2 CellAdhesionMoleculesattheDrosophilaNeuromuscularJunction. 11 FranklinA.Carrero-Martı´nezandAkiraChiba 3 DevelopmentoftheVertebrateNeuromuscularJunction.......... 39 MichaelA.Fox 4 SynapseFormationintheMammalianCentralNervousSystem .... 85 MasahiroYasudaandHisashiUmemori 5 DevelopmentalAxonalPruningandSynapticPlasticity........... 107 BibianaScelfoandMarioRosarioBuffelli 6 CellAdhesionMoleculesinSynaptopathies.................... 141 ThomasBourgeron 7 TheCadherinSuperfamilyinSynapseFormationandFunction..... 159 AndrewM.Garrett,DietmarSchreiner,andJoshuaA.Weiner 8 NectinsandNectin-LikeMoleculesintheNervousSystem ........ 185 HideruTogashi,HisakazuOgita,andYoshimiTakai 9 TheDownSyndromeCellAdhesionMolecule .................. 207 HiteshKathuriaandJamesC.Clemens 10 MolecularBasisofLamina-SpecificSynapticConnectionsinthe Retina:SidekickImmunoglobulinSuperfamilyMolecules ......... 223 Y.KateHongandMasahitoYamagata vii viii Contents 11 SYG/Nephrin/IrreCFamilyofAdhesionProteinsMediate AsymmetricCell–CellAdhesioninDevelopment ................ 235 KangShen 12 L1-TypeCellAdhesionMolecules:DistinctRolesinSynaptic Targeting,Organization,andFunction ....................... 247 SmithaBabuUthamanandTanjaAngelaGodenschwege 13 CellAdhesionMoleculesoftheNCAMFamilyandTheirRolesat Synapses............................................... 265 SylwiaOwczarek,LarsV.Kristiansen,MichaelHortsch,and PeterS.Walmod 14 MHCClassIFunctionattheNeuronalSynapse................ 301 SebastianThamsandStaffanCullheim 15 PathfindingMoleculesBranchOut:SemaphorinFamilyMembers RegulateSynapseDevelopment ............................. 321 SuzanneParadis 16 EphrinsandEphReceptorTyrosineKinasesinSynapseFormation.. 333 CatherineE.KrullandDanielJ.Liebl 17 NeurexinsandNeuroligins:ASynapticCodeforNeuronalWiring ThatIsImplicatedinAutism ............................... 347 AlexanderA.Chubykin 18 SynapticAdhesion-LikeMolecules(SALMs) .................. 367 PhilipY.WangandRobertJ.Wenthold 19 TheRoleofIntegrinsatSynapses ........................... 385 DeviMajumdarandDonnaJ.Webb 20 ExtracellularMatrixMoleculesinNeuromuscularJunctionsand CentralNervousSystemSynapses........................... 397 LaurentBogdanikandRobertW.Burgess 21 GapJunctionsasElectricalSynapses......................... 423 JuanMauricioGarre´ andMichaelV.L.Bennett Index..................................................... 441 Contributors MichaelV.L.Bennett DominickPPurpuraDepartmentofNeuroscience, AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,1410PelhamParkwaySouth,Room704, Bronx,NY10804,USA,[email protected] LaurentBogdanik TheJacksonLaboratory,600MainSt.,BarHarbor,ME 04609,USA,[email protected] ThomasBourgeron HumanGeneticsandCognitiveFunctionsUnit, DepartmentofNeuroscience,InstitutPasteur,25rueduDocteurRoux,75724 ParisCedex15,France,[email protected] MarioRosarioBuffelli DipartimentodiScienzeNeurologicheedellaVisione, SezionediFisiologia,Universita’diVerona,StradaLeGrazie8,37134Verona, Italy,[email protected] RobertW.Burgess TheJacksonLaboratory,600MainSt.,BarHarbor,ME 04609,USA,[email protected] FranklinA.Carrero-Martı´nez DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofPuerto Rico,Mayagu¨ez,Mayagu¨ez,PuertoRico00681-9012,[email protected] AkiraChiba DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofMiami,234CoxScience Center,1301MemorialDrive,CoralGables,FL33124,USA, [email protected] AlexanderA.Chubykin ThePicowerInstituteforLearningandMemory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 46-3301, Cambridge,MA02139,USA,[email protected] JamesC.Clemens DepartmentofBiochemistry,PurdueUniversity,175S. UniversitySt.,WestLafayette,IN47907,USA,[email protected] StaffanCullheim DepartmentofNeuroscience,KarolinskaInstitutet,SE-171 77Stockholm,Sweden,[email protected] MichaelA.Fox DepartmentofAnatomyandNeurobiology,Virginia CommonwealthUniversityMedicalCampus,Box980709,Richmond,VA 23298-0709,USA,[email protected] ix x Contributors JuanMauricioGarre´ DominickPPurpuraDepartmentofNeuroscience, AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,1410PelhamParkwaySouth,Room704, Bronx,NY10804,USA AndrewM.Garrett DepartmentofBiology,GraduateProgramin Neuroscience,TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity,IA52242,USA TanjaAngelaGodenschwege DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,Florida AtlanticUniversity,SansonScienceBuilding1/209,777GladesRoad,Boca Raton,FL33431,USA,[email protected] Y.KateHong PrograminNeuroscience,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston MA,02115,USA;DepartmentofMolecularandCellularBiology,Harvard University,FairchildBldg,7DivinityAve.,Cambridge,MA02138,USA, [email protected] MichaelHortsch DepartmentofCellandDevelopmentalBiology,University ofMichigan,BSRB,109ZinaPitcherPlace,AnnArbor,MI48109,USA, [email protected] HiteshKathuria DepartmentofBiochemistry,PurdueUniversity,175S. UniversitySt.,WestLafayette,IN47907,USA LarsV.Kristiansen ResearchLaboratoryforStereologyandNeuroscience,H. S.BispebjergUniversityHospital,Copenhagen,Denmark, [email protected] CatherineE.Krull BiologicandMaterialsSciences,UniversityofMichigan, 5211Dental,1011N.UniversityAve.,AnnArbor,MI48109-1078,USA, [email protected] DanielJ.Liebl MillerSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofMiami,MiamiProject toCureParalysis,P.O.Box016960R-48,Miami,FL33101,USA, [email protected] DeviMajumdar DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,VanderbiltKennedy CenterforResearchonHumanDevelopment,VanderbiltUniversity,46521st AvenueSouth,Nashville,TN37232,USA HisakazuOgita DivisionofMolecularandCellularBiology,Departmentof Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine,7-5-1Kusunoki-cho,Chuo-ku,Kobe650-0017Japan SylwiaOwczarek ProteinLaboratory,DepartmentofNeuroscienceand Pharmacology,UniversityofCopenhagen,FacultyOfHealthSciences, Blegdamsvej3B,DK-2200Copenhagen,Denmark SuzanneParadis DepartmentofBiology,BrandeisUniversity, P.O.Box549110,Waltham,MA02454-9110,USA, [email protected] Contributors xi BibianaScelfo DipartimentodiNeuroscienze–SezionediFisiologia,Istituto NazionalediNeuroscienze,Universita’diTorino,CorsoRaffaello30,10125 Torino,Italy DietmarSchreiner DepartmentofBiology,TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity, IA52242,USA KangShen DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,StanfordUniversity, 371SerraMall,Gilbert109,Stanford,CA94305-5020,USA, [email protected] YoshimiTakai DivisionofMolecularandCellularBiology,Departmentof BiochemistryandMolecularBiology,KobeUniversityGraduateSchool ofMedicine,7-5-1Kusunoki-cho,Chuo-ku,Kobe650-0017Japan, [email protected] SebastianThams DepartmentofNeuroscience,KarolinskaInstitutet,SE-171 77Stockholm,Sweden,[email protected] HideruTogashi DivisionofMolecularandCellularBiology, DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,KobeUniversity GraduateSchoolofMedicine,7-5-1Kusunoki-cho,Chuo-ku, Kobe650-0017Japan HisashiUmemori MolecularandBehavioralNeuroscienceInstitute, UniversityofMichigan,BSRB,109ZinaPitcherPlace,AnnArbor,MI48109, USA,[email protected] SmithaBabuUthaman DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,FloridaAtlantic University,SansonScienceBuilding1/209,777GladesRoad,BocaRaton,FL 33431,USA PhilipY.Wang LaboratoryofNeurochemistry,NationalInstituteon DeafnessandOtherCommunicationDisorders,NationalInstitutesofHealth, Bethesda,MD20892,USA;DepartmentofBiology,CollegeofChemicaland LifeSciencesandNeuroscienceandCognitiveScienceProgram,Universityof Maryland,CollegePark,MD20742,USA DonnaJ.Webb DepartmentofBiologicalSciencesandVanderbiltKennedy CenterforResearchonHumanDevelopment,VanderbiltUniversity,VU stationB,Box35-1634,Nashville,TN37235,USA, [email protected] JoshuaA.Weiner DepartmentofBiology,GraduateProgramin Neuroscience,TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity,IA52242,USA,joshua- [email protected] RobertJ.Wenthold LaboratoryofNeurochemistry,NationalInstituteon DeafnessandOtherCommunicationDisorders,NationalInstitutesofHealth, Bethesda,MD20892,USA,[email protected]
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