the state of the global clean and improved cooking sector

179 Pages·2015·6.61 MB·English

TECHNICAL REPORT 007/15
THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL CLEAN
AND IMPROVED COOKING SECTOR

ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global knowledge and
technical assistance program administered by the World Bank. It provides analytical and
advisory services to low- and middle-income countries to increase their know-how and
institutional capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for pov-
erty reduction and economic growth. ESMAP is funded by Australia, Austria, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the
United Kingdom, as well as the World Bank.
GLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR CLEAN COOKSTOVES
The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (Alliance) is a public-private partnership
hosted by the UN Foundation to save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women, and
protect the environment by creating a thriving global market for clean and efficient house-
hold cooking solutions. The Alliance’s 100 by ‘20 goal calls for 100 million households
to adopt clean and efficient cookstoves and fuels by 2020. We are working with a strong
network of public, private, and non-profit partners to help overcome the market barriers
that currently impede the production, deployment, and use of clean cookstoves and fuels
in developing countries.
Copyright © May 2015
The International Bank for Reconstruction
And Development / THE WORLD BANK GROUP
1818 H Street, NW | Washington DC 20433 | USA
Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) reports are published to communicate the results of ESMAP’s work to the development community.
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Written by | Venkata Ramana Putti, Michael Tsan, Sumi Mehta, Srilata Kammila
Energy Sector Management Assistance Program | Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves | The World Bank

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword vi
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations x
Terminology xi
Executive Summary 1
A. Key Findings 2
B. Recommendations 9
1 | Introduction 12
A. Typology of Improved and Clean Solutions 12
B. Report Objectives 14
C. Report Methodology 15
D. Report Scope 16
E. Report Structure 17
2 | The Case for Clean and Improved Cooking 18
A. The Impact of Cooking with Solid Fuels 18
B. Mitigation Potential of Improved and Clean Stoves 38
3 | THE Demand for Clean and Improved Cooking Energy 62
A. Overview of Global Fuel Landscape 62
B. Understanding the Consumer 71
4 | The Supply Landscape 84
A. Typology 84
B. Technology Trends 88
C. Current Market Status 94
5 | The Cooking Appliance Supply Chain 104
A. Research and Development 104
B. Production Models 104
C. Distribution 107
D. Consumer Marketing 109
E. After-Sales Service 110
F. Product Economics 110
6 | The Sector Ecosystem 116
A. Overview 116
B. Roles of Actors within the Ecosystem 118
C. Public and Donor Sector Engagement Models 119
D. Policy and Standards Landscape 122
E. The Financing Challenge 125
7 | Looking Forward and Recommendations 136
A. The Base Case for Sector Development 136
B. Barriers to More Rapid Growth 137
C. Potential for Faster Sector Development 140
D. Recommendations 142
Bibliography 147

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List of Boxes, Figures, and Tables
Box 3.1: Lessons from Marketing of Solar Lighting 79
Box 4.1: Emerging Fuel Technologies: Renewable Briquettes and Pellets 93
Box 7.1: Methodology: Forecasting Stove Penetration 137
Figure 1.1: Overview of Improved and Clean Cooking Technologies 13
Figure 2.1: Global Use of Solid Fuel for Cooking 19
Figure 2.2: Household Air Pollution Mortality and Morbidity, by Region 22
Figure 2.3: Global Solid-Fuel Cooking Biomass Pressure Map 27
Figure 2.4: Total Household Expenditures on Residential Cooking Fuels 29
Figure 2.5: Energy Share of Total Household Expenditures in Several Countries (%) 30
Figure 2.6: Energy Spending of Rural vs. Urban Consumers 31
Figure 2.7: Energy Spending of Top vs. Bottom Income Quintiles 32
Figure 2.8: Gender-Disaggregated Health Impacts 35
Figure 2.9: Firewood Collection and Cooking Time, by Gender 37
Figure 2.10: Field vs. Lab Performance of Rocket Stoves 41
Figure 2.11: Illustrative Examples of Baseline Cooking Technology Persistence 48
Figure 2.12: Employment Potential, by Fuel Type 50
Figure 2.13: Exposure Response Curve for Risk of Child Pneumonia from Particulate Matter 52
Figure 3.1: Solid and Modern Fuel Usage, by Region 62
Figure 3.2: Urban and Rural Fuel Use in the Developing World 64
Figure 3.3: Global Urban and Rural Fuel Use, by Region (population, millions) 65
Figure 3.4: Use of Solid and Modern Fuels, by Country 66
Figure 3.5: Forecast of Solid Fuel Users, by Region 67
Figure 3.6: Evolution of Primary Cooking Fuel Mix 68
Figure 3.7: Solid and Modern Fuel Usage, by Region 69
Figure 3.8: Nominal Average Price Trend for Key Cooking Fuels (2009–12) 70
Figure 3.9: Historical Fuel Cost for the Average Household in Sub-Saharan Africa 71
Figure 3.10: Cooking Consumer Segmentation, Rural vs. Urban 74
Figure 3.11: Consumer Fuel Segmentation, by Income and Region 75
Figure 3.12: Rural Household Willingness to Pay for Improved Cooking Solutions 76
Figure 3.13: Interest in Using Improved Cooking Solutions at any Price Point 78
Figure 3.14: Mapping Ability and Willingness to Pay, by Cooking Consumer Segments 79
Figure 3.15: Barriers to Adoption, by Consumer Segment 80
Figure 4.1: ISO Technical Committee 285 on Clean Cookstoves and Clean Cooking Solutions – Ongoing Progress 85
Figure 4.2: Thermal Efficiency and Emissions Ranges, by Stove Type 86
Figure 4.3: Indicative Health and Climate Impact, by Stove Type 87
Figure 4.4: Various Performance Metrics, by Stove Type 88
Figure 4.5: Overview of Charcoal Kiln Technologies 94
Figure 4.6: Cooking Technologies, by Regio 95
Figure 4.7: Distribution of Ceramic Jiko and Comparable Models in Sub-Saharan Africa 99
The State of the Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sector
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Figure 4.8: Stoves and Organizations Tracked by the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves 100
Figure 4.9: Annual Sales of Industrial and Semi-Industrially Produced Stoves 101
Figure 4.10: Regional Segmentation of Modern Fuels 102
Figure 5.1: The Production and Post-Production Value Chains 105
Figure 5.2: Illustrative Production Models and Sector Actors 106
Figure 5.3: Illustrative Emerging Distribution Channels for Clean Cookstoves 108
Figure 5.4: Distribution of Costs along the Improved Stove Value Chain, by Production Process 111
Figure 5.5: Price and Annual Average Cost for Various Cooking Appliances 112
Figure 5.6: Improved Cookstove Cost Structure for Artisanal, Semi-Industrial, and Industrial Models 113
Figure 6.1: Overview of Clean and Improved Cooking Ecosystem 116
Figure 6.2: Examples of Key Players in Clean Cooking Sector 117
Figure 6.3: Illustrative List of Non-Governmental Organizations and Investors, by Fuel Type 118
Figure 6.4: Global Cookstove Programs Over Time 121
Figure 6.5: Examples of Cookstove Testing Facilities around the Globe 123
Figure 6.6: Financing Facilities from the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves 124
Figure 6.7: State of the Global Cookstoves Carbon Finance Market 132
Figure 7.1: Base Case Market Growth Forecast 136
Figure 7.2: Major Barriers Affecting the Clean Cooking Appliance Ecosystem 139
Figure 7.3: Barriers, by Technology Type 140
Figure 7.4: Funding for Clean and Improved Cooking Solutions 141
Table 2.1: Negative Externalities of Solid Fuel Cooking, by Impact Area 20
Table 2.2: Economic Impact of Global Solid Fuel Dependence ($, billions) 21
Table 3.1: Developing World Cooking Consumer Segmentation 72
Table 4.1: Regional Segmentation of Solid Fuel Improved Cooking Solutions 96
Table 4.2: Estimated Penetration of Renewable Cooking Technologies 102
Table 5.1: Research and Development Models 105
Table 6.1: Financing Needs, by Player 126
Table 6.2: Financing Solutions for Suppliers 127
Table 6.3: Financing Solutions for Consumers 129
Table of Contents
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FOREWORD
This is a moment of great opportunity for the clean cooking sector. While experts have been working
for decades on improving cookstoves and scaling up access to clean cooking fuels and technologies,
only recently has this issue become a major priority on the global development agenda. The world has
woken up to the serious health, environmental, and economic impacts of continued dependence on
biomass for cooking. At the same time, rapid progress in technology and new financial mechanisms to
support this sector have made real change possible.
Access to clean cooking is also central to the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative, which is
backed by a large and diverse global coalition of international organizations, the private sector, and
civil society, and co-chaired by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and World Bank Group President
Jim Yong Kim. The three overarching SE4ALL goals to be achieved by 2030—universal access to
modern energy services, doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix, and
doubling the rate of improvement of energy efficiency—have now been broadly accepted, including
by 82 developing countries that have opted into SE4ALL. The result has been a large number of
initiatives to help achieve universal access to clean cookstoves and cooking fuels by 2030 as part of
the universal energy access goal.
At this defining moment, the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) of the World
Bank is pleased to present this report on The State of the Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sector,
jointly developed with the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. This report follows on a major re-
engagement by the World Bank in this sector, through interventions such as Africa Clean Cooking
Energy Solutions (ACCES), the East Asia and Pacific Clean Stove initiative (EAP CSI), and the SE4ALL
Technical Assistance Program, which is focused on helping countries meet the universal energy
access goal. Our strategic partnership with Global Alliance has informed our work in these endeavors,
which has now been further strengthened with the new joint initiative to spur the adoption of clean and
efficient cooking and heating solutions in developing countries.
We believe this report will be a key reference for sector practitioners. Beyond the comprehensive
assessment of the current state of the cookstoves sector, the report provides the first global
baseline for clean and improved cooking, including analyses of fuel and stove penetration, end-user
segmentation, and industry structure. It also proposes a common terminology to define various types
and categories of cooking devices. It offers lessons and recommendations that we hope will guide
key stakeholders—governments, private sector, and the donor community—in developing increasingly
effective interventions to help billions of people who still rely on biomass for their cooking needs.
Rohit Khanna
Manager
Energy Sector Management Assistance Program
The State of the Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sector
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FOREWORD
2015 is a critically important year for international development. Events such as the Post-2015 Summit,
the Beijing+20 conference, and the 21st session of the Conference of Parties (COP) give world leaders
an unprecedented opportunity to make momentous progress on health, women’s empowerment, the
environment, and climate protection.
This year, the focus must be on implementation of proven solutions that can deliver benefits across
multiple sectors and are ready to scale up.
Consider, for a moment, the simple act of cooking. Imagine if we could change the way nearly five
hundred million families cook their food each day. It could slow climate change, drive gender equality,
and reduce poverty. The health benefits would be enormous.
Four years ago, when the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (Alliance) was first launched, the issue
of household air pollution and the enormous health toll that the smoke from traditional cookstoves and
fuels took on the lives of women and their families in the developing world, received far less attention
and funding than it deserved. Hundreds of millions of women were literally risking their lives each
day to cook food for their families over inefficient cookstoves and polluting open fires, and spending
hours gathering fuel often at great personal risk. The environmental toll in terms of land degradation,
deforestation, and air pollution was poorly documented and largely ignored by the donor community.
Just a few years later, and with support from over 1,000 diverse global partners, including the World
Bank, the Alliance has made tremendous progress to develop new markets for clean cookstoves and
fuels. With growing global attention and a shift from an aid-driven approach to a market-based one that
is built on the premise of sustainability, there are now at least 20 million additional households using
cleaner and/or more efficient cookstoves and fuels around the world.
The Alliance is supporting market development in a number of ways: by strengthening capacity and
innovation within existing enterprises to ensure that high-quality cookstoves and fuels could be brought
to scale; by bringing in new manufacturers and distributors to further enhance the sector’s reach; by
creating awareness of and mobilizing capital for investment ready enterprises; by integrating women
throughout the cookstove and fuel value chains through our Women’s Empowerment Fund; and by
advocating for the advancement of policies that will enable and accelerate the clean cookstoves and
fuels market. The Alliance has also led the development of the standards process through engagement
with the International Organization for Standardization. We are now closer to achieving a set of global
standards that will help us deliver high-quality, effective, and independently tested products.
While the World Bank and Alliance have worked closely over the past few years, the Cookstove
Future Summit marked the announcement of an even closer collaboration between our organizations
to scale up adoption of cleaner and more efficient cookstoves and fuels. This new partnership offers
a chance not only to deepen the close overall working relationship we have formed to tackle the
Foreword
vii
issue of household air pollution, but also the opportunity to mobilize the financial, technical, and
policy resources needed to transform the clean cooking sector in more than a dozen focus countries.
Working together to advance many of the learnings from the past four years will allow us to leverage
our respective strengths in market development, standards and testing, investment, policy design, and
capacity building, and support the sector in an unprecedented way that will ultimately lead to wider
impact in health, gender, climate, and livelihoods.
We are pleased to work with the Bank to release this comprehensive mapping report on the clean
cooking sector and build upon the Alliance’s annual Results Report. The sector is a dynamic one and
this report should be seen less as a representation of the sector at a given point in time, but rather one
that identifies and discusses the larger trends that we are seeing and that we need to be investing in
to achieve the Alliance’s 100 by 2020 goal and the larger Sustainable Energy for All goal of universal
adoption of clean cookstoves and fuels by the year 2030.
Radha Muthiah
Chief Executive Officer
Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
The State of the Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sector
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