The State and Migration of Nigerians Into the European Union to Live In Spain

561 Pages·2012·3.71 MB·English

The State and Migration of Nigerians Into
the European Union to Live In Spain

Matthew OKIRI OKEYIM
The State and Migration of Nigerians
Into the European Union to Live
In Spain
BY
Matthew OKIRI OKEYIM
BSc (Political Science) Ibadan Nigeria
MSc (International Relations) Ibadan Nigeria
DEA (social Welfare and Inequality) Alicante, Spain

University of Alicante – Sociology II Department
Doctorate Thesis Submitted to the University of Alicante, Spain
Sociology
October 2012.

Professor La Parra, Daniel
University of Alicante
Department of Sociology II
Spain.
This thesis is dedicated to the Almighty God, Patrick OKEYIM, Janet OKEYIM and
ZULINA ANGELA OKEYIM for their endless support and encouragement.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
Professor Roberto ESCARRE and Andrew OJO encouraged me to enroll in the
PhD Program in the University of Alicante. I remain ever grateful to them for
facilitating my admission into the Program in 2006. Prof. Oscar SANTACREU,
and Prof. Eva ESPINAR, Prof. Marie OSE, Anna MERCEDES, Fernando DIAZ
ORUETA, Professor Marie OSE chemical Sciences, Alicia WYNNARD of the
library services, Anna in the department office and other Professors in the
Department especially during my first year of the Program I am very grateful to
them.
Professor Daniel LA PARRA who kindly agreed to supervise me from 2009
during my period of investigation has been excellent and wonderful. Prof.
Daniel introduced me to the International Doctorate which resulted to my
going to the Queen Mary University of London where I spent 3 months from
September 2010 - December 2010 for a jointly International Doctorate
Supervision.
Prof. Nair, Director of Hispanic and Migration studies, Queen Mary University
of London, who kindly accepted in spite of her tight schedule for a jointly
supervision of this International Doctorate was also very wonderful during my 3
stays in the United Kingdom. Her cooperation with Professor Daniel from the
beginning to the time I went for my fieldwork in Ceuta, Melilla and Alicante
between December 2010 - January 2012 is highly appreciated. I will want to
recall that these two Professors taught me how to write seminar papers, attend
conferences and deliver papers for publication. Their continuous efforts to
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advise and assist me made it possible for me to have attended about 18
international conferences and delivered papers of which at least 3 papers have
been published. I also want to thank these two Professors for teaching me on
how to conduct interviews and do qualitative research which helped me greatly
when I was doing my fieldwork in Ceuta, Melilla and Alicante Region.
Colonel Anthony OKEYIM Director Nigerian Army School of education Ilorin,
Thomas OKEYIM, Town Planning officer and Director OKUKU Cross River state
Nigeria, Agnes OKEYIM Senor Nursing officer (Matron) OGOJA, Anna OKEYIM,
Nigerian Police Lagos, Franco OKEYIM, Nigerian Army OKUKU OGOJA, Justine
BENTEM, DR BASSEY EJUE, CRUTETH, John EGBELO, Chief Peter OJIE,
Commissioner of Local Government CRS, General M. A. NYIAM (RTD), Chief
Charles AYIM ABUO, my friend in Reading (LONDON) OLALEKAN, AYSEGUL who
were all interested on my PHD work and Stephen John OTI Deputy Director
Corporate Affairs Commission Abuja Nigeria thank you very much.
Many thanks to Barrister Peter OTONKO who worked tirelessly to make sure
that my first degree and Master’s degree Certificate were stamped at the
Ministry of education, External affairs, University of Ibadan Nigeria and
subsequently in the Spanish Embassy in Lagos. My sincere appreciation to
Professor BAYO OKUNADE head of department of Political Science University of
Ibadan Nigeria who accepted to write letters of recommendations for me to
the University of Alicante during the admission process. I could recall vividly
that if my school documents were not legalized the University of Alicante were
on the process of withdrawing me from the Program.
Cletus TAMBE ENYONG and his family in Alicante, Joseph, WANI, EMEKA
STANLEY, Barrister Daniel, Jeff OKOJIE, DESMOND, ALEX, Bro Ben, Bro
Matthew, Bro Brown, Christian and all those Asylum seekers who accepted me
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to interview them in Ceuta 2011 thanks very much. I will also want to thank all
those Nigerians who also accepted me to interview them in Melilla and Alicante
making it possible for me to complete my fieldworks.
Thanks to all those who assisted me greatly especially at the time I could no
longer see the trees during this Program. I might not mention your name at this
point in time but all your efforts have turned out to become something today
in one’s life. Lucia Garcia, thank you very much for the translation and the
proofreading of some sections of this work into Spanish. My appreciation also
goes to your office that gave you the extra time I needed for you to look into
my work.
Finally my acknowledgments will not come to a close if I do not mention my
two late brothers Joseph OBI OKEYIM of the Nigerian Army and my senior
brother Raphael OKEYIM of the Nigerian Police who was killed in a ghastly
Motor accident while he was serving the Nigerian Mobile Police on a road block
check point may his soul rest in Peace.
Lastly my dear mother, my late father, my dear wife, all my little brothers and
sisters in my country thank you very much for all your feeling towards my
completion of this Program.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
-ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2-4
-LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 13-15
-RESUMEN 16-18
-PRÓLOGO 19-20

INTRODUCCIÓN 20-23
-EL ESTUDIO 23-24
-LOS OBJECTIVOS Y FIN DEL ESTUDIO 24-25
-LA HIPÓTESIS DE ESTE ESTUDIO 25-26
-EL CAMPO DE ESTUDIO 26-27
-LA JUSTIFICACION DEL ESTUDIO 27-29
-METODOLOGÍA DE ESTUDIO 29-31
-LA ESTRUCTURA DEL ESTUDIO 31-34
-EL ANALISIS EMPÍRICO 34-35
-EL MARCO TEÓRICO 35-39
-RESEÑA BIBLIOGRÁFICA 39-40
-EL PORQUÉ DE ESTE PRÓLOGO 40-41
-REFERENCIAS 41-42

-Executive Summary in English 43-45
-Prologue 45-46
-Introduction 46-49
-The Study 49-50
-The Aims and objectives of Study 50-51
-The Hypothesis of Study 51-52
-The Scope of Study 52-53
-The Justification of Study 53-54
-The Research Methodology 54-56
-The structure of Study 56-59
-The Empirical Analysis 59-60
-The Theoretical Framework 60-64
-The Literature Review 64-65
-Why this Prologue? 65-66
-References 66-68

CHAPTER ONE
HISTORICAL ANAYSIS
-1.0- Introduction 69-70
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-1.1- Aims and objectives 70
-1.2- Structure States in Africa 70-79
-1.3- Origin of the state 80-83
-1.4- Functions of the state 84-86
-1.5- Theories of the state 86-90
-1.6- Karl Marx theory of the state 91-92
-1.7- Marx Weber theory of the state 92-98
-1.8- Features of a Modern state 98-104
-1.9- Fragile states 104-105
-1.10- The History of Migration in Nigeria and its Causes 105-106
-1.11- Historical Overview 106-108
-1.12- Migration Since Independence in Nigeria 108-112
-1.13- Migration 112-116
-1.14- Theories of Migration 116-125
-1.15- Causes of Migration in Nigeria 125-127
-Introduction 125
-1.16- Political Causes 127-138
-1.17- Economic Causes 138-145
-Journals and Publications 145-147
- References 147-150
-Newspapers and Magazines 150-151

CHAPTER TWO
THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
-2.0- Introduction 152-153
-2.1- The origin and Development of globalization 153-160
-2.2- Theories of globalization 160-188
-2.3- The positive effects of globalization 188-194
-2.4- Critique of globalization 194-199
-2.5- Application of the theory of globalization to knowledge 199-201
-2.6- Conclusion 201-204
-REFERENCES 204-207

CHAPTER THREE
THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A DESTINATION FOR NIGERIAN

EMIGRANTS
-3.0- Introduction 208-209
-3.1- The structure of the European Union and its Institutions 209-210
-3.2- Migration Policies/legal framework of asylum and law
211-215
enforcement in the European Union
-3.3- Recent Migration trends in the European Union 215-218
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-3.4- Contributions of Nigerian Migrants to the Development of
218-219
the European Union and the Domestic country
-3.5- General Overview of the Remittances of the Nigerian
219-227
Migrants
-3.6- Total Number of Nigerians migrating into the European
227-230
Union
-Table One No of Nigerian migrants who migrated into Spain
228
1998-2010
-Table Two Asylum seekers admitted/Not admitted into Spain
229
2007-2009
-Table three Undocumented Nigerian Migrants who arrived in
230
Spain 2004 -2007
-3.7- Current Perspective on Human Development 230-233
-3.8- Social and economic Development 233-234
-3.9- Infrastructural Development 234-235
3.10- Social Issues affecting Nigerian Emigrants in the European
235-237
Union
-3.11- A general Overview of the European Union Migration
237-242
Policies
-3.12- Administrative and Political perspective 242-243
-3.13- Infrastructural Perspective 244
-3.14- Social Perspective 244-246
-3.15- Security Perspective 246
-3.16- Tension and Hostilities 247
-3.17- Religious Issues 247-249
-REFERENCES 249-252
-Newspapers and Magazines 252
-Reports and Summits 252-254

CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 255-256
-Abstract 256-257
-4.0-Methodology 257-264
Life story interview 258
Unstructured interview 258
In-depth analysis 259-264
-4.1- Introduction 264-265
-4.2- Why Research Methodology and Method in Migration
266-267
Research
-4.3- A brief History of Respondent’s Migration 267-270
-4.4- Why Unstructured Interview is Justified 269-270
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-4.5- Research Methodology Questions 270-273
-4.6- Natural group Discussion 273-274
-4.7- Researcher’s conduct during the interview 274
-4.8- A flash back on Myself presentation 274-281
-4.9- Strategies for sampling 281-282
-4.10- Theoretical Sampling 282-283
-4.11- The Fieldworks 283-285
Ceuta 283-284
Melilla 285
Alicante 285
-4.12- Transcription of the interviews 285-287
-4.13- Grounded theories and Techniques Analysis 287-292
-4.14- Ethical considerations 292-294
-4.15- Conclusions 295-296
REFERENCES 296-297

CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION AND TRANSCRIBTION OF INTERVIEWS
-Abstract 298-299
-5.0- Introduction 299-300
-5.1- Brief History of Ceuta 300-301
-5.2- Map of Ceuta 302
-5.3- Memorandum 302-306
-5.4- Respondents Interviewed in Ceuta 306-347
Respondent No CEUTAF001 306-309
Respondent No CEUTAM002 309-313
Respondent No CEUTAM003 313-320
Respondent No CEUTAM004 320-325
Respondent No CEUTAF005 325-329
Respondent No CEUTAM006 329-335
Respondent No CEUTA M007 336-341
Respondent No CEUTAM008 342-347
-5.5- MELILLA
Brief History of Melilla 347
Map of Melilla 348-349
Respondents interviewed in Melilla 350-383
Respondents No MELILLAM009 350-353
Respondent No MELILLAM0010 353-355
Respondent No MELILLAM0011 356-357
Respondent No MELILLAM0012 357-360
Respondent No MELILLAM0013 360-362
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Respondent No MELILLAM0014 363-364
Respondent No MELILLAM0015 364-366
Respondent No MELILLAF0016 366-368
Respondent No MELILLAF0017 368-370
Respondent No MELILLAF0018 370-372
Respondent No MELILLAF0019 372-374
Respondent No MELILLAF0020 374-376
Respondent No MELILLAF0021 376-378
Respondent No MELILLAF0022 378-381
Respondent No MELILLAF0023 381-383
-5.6- ALICANTE REGION
-Brief History of Alicante 383
-Map of Alicante 384
-Map of Virgen del Remedio 385
-Respondents interviewed in Alicante 386-429
Respondent No ALICANTEM0024 386-389
Respondent No ALICANTEM0025 389-394
Respondent No ALICANTEM0026 394-397
Respondent No ALICANTEM0027 397-402
Respondent No ALICANTEM0028 402-406
Respondent No ALICANTEM0029 406-410
Respondent No ALICANTEF0030 410-413
Respondent No ALICANTEF0031 414-417
Respondent No ALICANTEF0032 417-422
Respondent No ALICANTEF0033 422-429
-REFERENCES 429

CHAPTER SIX
FINDINGS OBTAINED AND RESULTS ANALYSED
-Abstract 430
-6.0- Introduction 430-431
-6.1- Ceuta Region
Table One: Family background of Nigerians who entered the
431
European Union to live in Spain
Table Two: Arrangements made before their emigration to
432
enter into the European Union and live in Spain
Table three: Life situation in Nigeria before they travelled to
433
the European Union to live in Spain
Table Four: life situation in the Host country 434
Table Five: Immigrant’s adaptation/stabilization in Spain 435
Table Six: Immigrants future plans in the European Union while 435-436
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