The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev

367 Pages·1978·34 MB·English

by  Archie Brown

THE SOVIET UNION SINCE THE FALL OF KHRUSHCHEV
Also by Archie Brown and Michael Kaser
THE CAMBRIDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIA AND THE
SOVIET UNION (co-edztors with john Fennell and H. T. Willetts)
SOVIET POLICY FOR THE 1980s (edztors)
Also by Archie Brown
SOVIET POLITICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
POLITICAL CULTURE AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN
COMMUNIST STATES (co-editor withjack Gray)
AUTHORITY, POWER AND POLICY IN THE USSR (co-editor with
T. H. Rzgby and Peter Reddaway)
Also by Michael Kaser
COMECON: INTEGRATION PROBLEMS OF THE
PLANNED ECONOMIES
SOVIET ECONOMICS
PLANNING IN EAST EUROPE (with]. G. Zielinski)
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR EASTERN EUROPE (editor)
PLANNING AND MARKET RELATIONS (co-editor with R. Portes)
HEALTH CARE IN THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE
THE SOVIET UNION
SINCE THE FALL OF
KHRUSHCHEV
Edited by
ARCHIE BROWN
AND
MICHAEL KASER
SECOND EDITION
Introduction and editorial matter© Archie Brown and Michael Kaser 1975, 1978, 1981
Chapter I ©Alec Nove 1975, 1978 Chapter.2 ©Philip Hanson 1975, 1978
Chapter 3 © David Holloway 1975, 1978 Chapter 4 © J. A. Newth 1975, 1978
Chapter 5 © Peter Frank 197 5, 1978 Chapter 6 © Peter Reddaway 197 5, 1978
Chapter 7 ©Michael Bourdeaux 1975, 1978 Chapter 8 ©Martin Dewhirst 1975, 1978
Chapters 9, II© Michael Kaser 1975, 1978 Chapters 10, 12 ©Archie Brown 1975, 1978
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission
First edition 19 75
Second edition 1 9 78
Reprinted 1982
Published by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Companies and representatives throughout the world
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Soviet Union since the fall of Khrushchev- 2nd ed.
1. Russia - History - 1953-
1. Brown, Archie II. Kaser, Michael
947.085 DK274
ISBN 978-0-333-23337-5 ISBN 978-1-349-15847-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15847-8
The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the
condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent,
resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's
prior consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that
in which it is published and without a similar condition including
this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
Contents
Contributors vn
Introduction to the Second Edition XI
Editors' Note to the Second Printing of the Second Edition xv
1 Agriculture 1
Alec Nove
2 The Import of Western Technology 16
Philip Hanson
3 Foreign and Defence Policy 49
David Holloway
4 Demographic Developments 7 7
]. A. Newth
5 The Changing Composition oft he Communist Party 96
Peter Frank
6 The Development of Dissent and Opposition 121
Peter Reddaway
7 Religion 157
Michael Bourdeaux
8 Soviet Russian Literature and Literary Policy 181
Martin Dewhirst
9 The Economy: a General Assessment 196
Michael Kaser
10 Political Developments: Some Conclusions and an
Interpretation 218
Archie Brown
11 The Economy to 1977 276
Michael Kaser
12 Political Developments, 197 5-77 299
Archie Brown
Calendar of Political Events, October 1964-]une 1977 330
Index 341
Contributors
MICHAEL BOURDEAUX was born in Praze, Cornwall, in
1934. He graduated from Oxford University with degrees in
Russian and French (1 95 7) and Theology ( 1959) and studied
as a postgraduate student on a British Council exchange
scholarship at Moscow University during 1959-60. His most
recent visit to the Soviet Union was in February 197 5. He has
held a variety of university posts and visiting lectureships and
is currently Director of the Centre for the Study of Religion
and Communism, Keston College, Kent, and editor of the
journal, Religion in Communist Lands. His many publications
include: Religious Ferment in Russia ( 1968), Patriarch and Prophets
(1970) and Faith on Trial in Russia (1971).
ARCHIE BROWN, born in Annan, Scotland, in 1938, is a
Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, and Lecturer in Soviet
Institutions at the University of Oxford. After studying as an
undergraduate and graduate student at the London School of
Economics and Political Science (University of London), he
was Lecturer in Politics for seven years at Glasgow University
before moving to Oxford in 1971. He has spent about a year
and a half in the Soviet Union in the course of various study
visits. Mr Brown is the author of Soviet Politics and Political
Science ( 197 4), co-editor (with Jack Gray) of Political Culture and
Political Change in Communist States (1977; 2nd ed., 1979), co
editor (with T. H. Rigby and Peter Reddaway) of Authority)
Power and Policy in the USSR ( 1980) and co-editor (with John
Fennell, Michael Kaser and H. T. Willetts) of The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union (1 982).
MARTIN DEWHIRST, born in Leeds in 193 7, is a Lecturer in
Russian Language and Literature at the University of Glasgow.
He took his degree in Russian at the University of Oxford in
1962 and spent two years as a postgraduate student at the
vm The Soviet Union Since the Fall of Khrushchev
London School of Economics before moving to Glasgow
University in 1964. His numerous visits to the Soviet Union
include the academic year, 1959-60, which he spent at
Moscow University. He is a regular contributor to The Year's
Work in Modern Language Studies, is co-editor (with Robert
Farrell) of The Soviet Censorship ( 197 3) and co-editor (with
R. R. Milner-Gulland) of Russian Writing Today (1977).
PETER FRANK, who was born in Whitby, Yorkshire, in 1934,
is a Senior Lecturer and the Director of postgraduate studies in
Soviet politics in the Department of Government at Essex
University. After studying Russian as an undergraduate and
Soviet history as a graduate student at the University of Leeds,
he taught Soviet history for several years at Leeds before
moving into political science at Essex University in 1968. Mr
Frank has made a number of visits to the Soviet Union as an
academic and also as a television commentator in several
documentary films about contemporary Soviet life. He is the
co-author (with Ronald J. Hill) of The Soviet Communist Party
(1981).
PHILIP HANSON, born in London in 1936, is Reader in
Soviet Economics at Birmingham University. An economics
graduate of Cambridge, he took his Ph.D. at Birmingham and
was a Lecturer in Economics at Exeter University from 1961 to
1967. He worked for short spells in both the Treasury and the
Foreign Office and has made several extended visits to the
Soviet Union since 1964. He is the author of The Consumer in the
Soviet Economy (1968), Advertising and Socialism (1974), USSR:
Foreign Trade Implications of the 19 76-80 Plan ( 197 6), Trade and
Technology in Soviet-Western Relations ( 1981) and co-editor (with
Karen Dawisha) of Soviet-East European Dilemmas (1981).
DAVID HOLLOWAY, who was born in Dublin in 1943, is a
Lecturer in Politics at the University of Edinburgh. He
previously studied or taught at the universities of Cambridge,
Oslo, Manchester and Lancaster and he has made several
study visits to the Soviet Union. Mr Holloway is the author of
Technology, Management and the Soviet Military Establishment ( 1971)
and a number of scholarly articles and important contributions
to symposia.
Contributors IX
MICHAEL KASER, who was born in London in 1926, is a
Fellow ofStAntony's College and Reader in Economics at the
University of Oxford. After taking the Economics Tripos as an
Exhibitioner at King's College, Cambridge, he served in the
British Foreign Service in London and Moscow from 194 7 to
1951 and in the United Nations Secretariat(with the Economic
Commission for Europe in Geneva) from 1951 to 1963 when
he moved to Oxford to teach Soviet economics. He has made a
number of visits to the Soviet Union. Among his publications
are Comecon: Integration Problems of the Planned Economies ( 1965;
2nd ed., 1967), Economic Development for Eastern Europe (ed.,
1968), Planning in East Europe (with J. Zielinski, 1970), Soviet
Economics (1 970), Planning and Market Relations (e d. with R. Portes,
1971), The New Economic Systems of East Europe (ed. with
H. Hohmann and K. Thalheim, 197 5), Health Care in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe (1 97 6), and co-editor (with Archie
Brown, John Fennell and H. T. Willetts) of The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union ( 1982).
J. A. NEWTH was born in London in 1921 and died in 1980.
As an undergraduate, he studied at Oxford where he took his
degree in Arabic and Persian. From 1957 until his death he
was a Lecturer in the Institute of Soviet and East European
Studies at the University of Glasgow. On a study visit to the
Soviet Union in 1965, he spent several months in Uzbekistan.
He was the joint author (with Alec Nove) of The Soviet Middle
East ( 1965), a long-serving member of the Editorial Board of
the journal, Soviet Studies, and the contributor of many articles
on Soviet nationality problems and on demographic topics to
academic journals.
ALEC NOVE was born in Petrograd in 1915 but educated in
England, graduating from the London School of Economics
in 1936. Since 1963 he has been Professor of Economics at the
University of Glasgow and until1979 he was also Director of
the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies at Glasgow.
From 1947 to 1958 he was in the Civil Service (mainly at the
Board of Trade) and from 1958 to 1963 he was Reader in
Russian Social and Economic Studies at the University of
London. Among his many well-known publications are the
following books: The Soviet Economy (1961; 3rd ed., 1969), Was