The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa: The Diplomacy of Intervention and Disengagement PDF
Preview The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa: The Diplomacy of Intervention and Disengagement
THE SOVIET UNION IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Soviet and East European Studies: 71 Editorial Board Ronald Hill (General editor), Judy Batt Michael Kaser Anthony Kemp-Welch Margot Light Alastair McAuley James Riordan Stephen White Soviet and East European Studies, under the auspices of Cambridge University Press and the British Association for Soviet, Slavonic and East European Studies (BASSEES), promotes the publication of works presenting substantial and original research on the economics, politics, sociology and modern history of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Soviet and East European Studies 71 ROBERT G. PATMAN The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa The diplomacy of intervention and disengagement 70 IVAN T. BEREND The Hungarian economic reforms 1953-1988 69 CHRIS WARD Russia's cotton workers and the New Economic Policy Shop-floor culture and state policy 1921-1929 68 LASZLO CSABA Eastern Europe in the world economy 67 MICHAEL E. URBAN An algebra of Soviet power Elite circulation in the Belorussian Republic 1966-1986 66 JANE L. CURRY Poland's journalists: professionalism and politics 65 MARTIN MYANT The Czechoslovak economy 1948-1988 The battle for economic reform 64 XAVIER RICHET The Hungarian model: markets and planning in a socialist economy 63 PAUL LEWIS Political authority and party secretaries in Poland 1975-1986 62 BENJAMIN PINKUS The Jews of the Soviet Union The history of a national minority 6l FRANCESCO BENVENUTI The Bolsheviks and the Red Army, 1918-1922 60 HIROAKI KUROMIYA Stalin's industrial revolution Politics and workers, 1928-1932 59 LEWIS SIEGELBAUM Stakhanovism and the politics of productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941 58 JOZEF M. VAN BRABANT Adjustment, structural change and economic efficiency Aspects of monetary cooperation in Eastern Europe 5J ILIANA ZLOCH-CHRISTY Debt problems of Eastern Europe 56 SUSAN BRIDGER Women in the Soviet countryside Women's roles in rural development in the Soviet Union 55 ALLEN LYNCH The Soviet study of international relations Series list continues on p. 408 THE SOVIET UNION IN THE HORN OF AFRICA The diplomacy of intervention and disengagement ROBERT G. PATMAN The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry VIII in 1534. The University has printed and published continuously since 1584. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge New York Port Chester Melbourne Sydney CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521102513 © Cambridge University Press 1990 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1990 This digitally printed version 2009 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Patman, Robert G. The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa: the diplomacy of intervention and disengagement / Robert G. Patman. p. cm. - (Soviet and East European studies: 71) Revision of the author's thesis (PhD.) - University of Southampton, 1986. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0-521-36022-6 1. Africa. Northeast - Foreign relations - Soviet Union. 2. Soviet Union - Foreign relations -Africa. Northeast. 3. Ethiopia — Foreign relations — Soviet Union. 4. Soviet Union - Foreign relations - Ethiopia. I. Title. II. Series. DT367.63.S65P38 1990 327.47063 - dc20 89-15826 CIP ISBN 978-0-521-36022-7 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-10251-3 paperback To my mother and father Contents List of maps page ix List of tables x Preface xi List of abbreviations xvi Note on transliteration of Russian words xvii INTRODUCTION 1 From intervention to disengagement: a framework 3 The problem of definition 4 Intervention as an instrument of policy 8 The calculus of intervention 12 The path to disengagement 15 PART I MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS 2 The evolution of a Soviet interest 25 The tsarist period 27 Soviet rule: the early period 30 The cold war and the Horn of Africa 35 The thawin Soviet-Ethiopian relations 1955-1960 41 The period of escalation, 1960-1967 46 3 Entering the 1970s: The Soviet disposition 58 Global trends 63 Regional trends 71 Local trends 1967-1970 87 The Soviet disposition in perspective 109 vii viii Contents PART II THE HORN OF OPPORTUNITY 4 The budding alliance: Marx, Lenin and Mohammed 113 The expansion of Soviet-Somali ties 114 The ambiguities of Somalia's 'socialist orientation7 127 Soviet perceptions of an emperor in decline 136 The year 1974: the treaty 143 5 The Ethiopian revolution and the quest for a Pax Sovietica 150 The course of the Ethiopian revolution 1974H976 152 The Ethiopian revolution through Soviet eyes 161 The reality of Soviet caution 172 The new drive towards a Pax Sovietica 190 6 War, realignment and the enforcement of proletarian internationalism 204 The Soviet disengagement 205 The Soviet intervention 222 Soviet behaviour: an analysis 235 CONCLUSION 7 Soviet power without influence? 257 The military juggernaut 258 The Ethiopian constraints 269 The Soviet learning process 284 Epilogue: the diplomacy of perestroika 289 The future 302 Appendix A. Soviet-Somali treaty of 11 July 1974 307 Appendix B. Soviet-Ethiopian treaty of 20 November 1978 311 Notes 315 Bibliography 375 Index 397 Maps 1 The Horn of Africa page 26 2 The imperial partition of the Horn 29 3 Ethnic groups in the Horn 47 4 Administrative regions in Ethiopia and Somalia 159 5 TheOgaden 199 6 TheOgaden campaign 215 IX
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