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583 Pages·2003·4.43 MB·English
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THE SOVIET UNION AND COMMUNIST CHINA 1945–1950 THE SOVIET UNION AND COMMUNIST CHINA 1945–1950 THE ARDUOUS ROAD TO THE ALLIANCE DIETER HEINZIG An East Gate Book First published 1998 by M.E. Sharpe Published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft 1998 © English-language edition Taylor & Francis, 2004. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heinzig, Dieter. [Die Sowjetunion und das kommunistische China 1945-1950. English] The Soviet Union and Communist China 1945-1950 : the arduous road to the alliance / Dieter Heinzig. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7656-0785-9 (alk. paper) 1. Soviet Union—Foreign relations—China. 2. China—Foreign relations—Soviet Union. 3. Soviet Union— Foreign relations—1945–1991. 4. China—Foreign relations—1912–1949. I. Title. DK68.7.C6H 4513 2003 327.47051 ‘09’044—dc21 2003014563 ISBN 13: 9780765607850 (hbk) Long live comrade Stalin, teacher of world revolution and best friend of the Chinese people! —Mao Zedong in Moscow on February 17, 1950, before his return to China I will write a book about Stalin’s mistakes and crimes myself. But it will be so terrifying that I will not allow it to be published for 10,000 years. —Mao Zedong to Aleksei Kosygin in February 1965 Contents Abbreviations Note on Transliteration Preface 1. Background: The Emancipation of the Chinese Communist Party from Moscow The CCP on the Comintern Leash (1921-35) Mao Zedong’s Rise to Party Leader: Prerequisite for Emancipation The “Sinification of Marxism” as Ideological Challenge to Moscow The CCP and the Soviet Union During the Sino-Japanese War: Allegiance with Reservations The Soviet Union, the CCP, the Kuomintang, and the United Front Against Japan: Origin of a Concept Soviet Go-Betweens in Yenan: Comrades or Enemies? Moscow’s One-Sided China Policy During the Sino-Japanese War No Soviet Weapons for the Chinese Comrades Conflict Between Moscow and Yenan over Policy Toward the KMT and Japan During the War The Beginnings of a CCP Foreign Policy: Flirting with the United States at the End of the War Interim Conclusions 2. Moscow’s Two-Faced Policy Toward China Between 1945 and 1948 The Soviet Union, the United States, the Kuomintang, and the CCP at the End of the Second World War The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance of August 14, 1945: Moscow’s Grab for Czarist Privileges The Yalta Agreement of February 11, 1945 (I) Background: Russian Privileges in Manchuria The Yalta Agreement of February 11, 1945 (II) Negotiations for the Treaty of Alliance Results of the Negotiations The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance of August 14, 1945: Moscow’s Betrayal of the Chinese Communists Moscow’s Double Game in Manchuria The Dilemma Between Legal Obligations and Political Goals Designing a Dual Strategy: The Secret Meeting in Yenan and Its Consequences The Handover of Manchuria to the Chinese Communists From Truce to Civil War in China: The Four Protagonists’ Actions The CCP’s Strategic Leaning to the Soviet Side Moscow Holds Back: Mao Zedong’s Unsuccessful Insistence on a Meeting with Stalin 3. 1949: The Pivotal Year on the Road to the Alliance Rethinking in Moscow: Is the Victory of the Chinese Communist Party Imminent? Affront to the CCP: Ambassador Roshchin Follows the KMT Government to Canton Moscow and the CCP at the Beginning of 1949: Creating Political Consensus on the KMT The First Top-Level Secret Meeting: Mikoyan in Xibaipo (February 1949) Tension Due to Roshchin’s Move to Canton Dispute over the CCP’s Revolutionary Strategy? Differences of Opinion About Forming a Government Port Arthur and the Chinese Changchun Railroad Consensus on the Sinkiang Question Conflict over Outer Mongolia Recognition of the Future Communist Government The Wang Ming Case A Masterpiece of Byzantine Flattery The CCP’s Economic and Social Policies The CCP’s Foreign Policy Soviet Economic Aid Results of the Mikoyan Trip Ivan Kovalev: Stalin’s Man with Mao Zedong The CCP’s Policy Toward the West and the Role of the Soviet Union: Beginnings of a Strategic Relationship Was Stalin Seeking to Divide China into Two Parts? The Second Top-Level Secret Meeting: Liu Shaoqi in Moscow (Summer 1949) Background and Goals The First Session: Questions of Soviet Aid Yi bian dao: Mao’s Definitive Profession of Loyalty to the Soviet Union Liu’s Written Report to Stalin Liu’s Wish List Discussion of Liu’s Report and Wish List: The July 11 Session A Fact-Finding and Inspection Tour Plans for Military Cooperation: The July 27 Session Trouble Due to Gao Gang The “Elder Brother-Younger Brother” Debate 211 Final Session and Farewell Military Aid Secret Service Cooperation Economic, Technical, and Cultural Cooperation Liu ‘s Return Trip and the First Group of Soviet Specialists Results of the Liu Mission The CCP’s Tactical Exploratory Contacts with the United States and Great Britain and the Role of the Soviet Union Huang Hua’s Contacts with John Leighton Stuart and Andrei Ledovskii Zhou Enlai’s June Message The CCP Leadership’s July Message The Zhou Demarche July 1 as Turning Point Conclusion: No “Lost Chance in China” Establishment of Diplomatic Relations: Problems with the Soviet Ambassador Irritations in Anticipation of Mao’s Moscow Trip 4. Stalin and Mao Zedong in Moscow: The Breakthrough to the Alliance Mao’s Trip to Moscow: Motives, Planning, and Arrival Cool Reception in Moscow Stalin Takes a Firm Stand: The December 16 Talk “Stewing in His Own Juices at the Dacha”: Act I Stalin’s Seventieth Birthday and Mao’s Role Stalin Makes Mao Wait: The December 24 Talk Kovalev’s Denunciatory Report to Stalin “Stewing in His Own Juices at the Dacha”: Act II Mao’s “TASS Interview” The Breakthrough Stalin’s Advances to Mao Zedong The United States: Invisible Partner at the Negotiating Table Chinese Requests for Aid Preparations for the Negotiations Prevention of Aggression International Action for Peace and Security Clause of Assistance Prohibition of Alliances Renunciation of Separate Negotiations with Japan Clause of Consultation Economic and Cultural Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Port Arthur, Darien, and the CCR Final Clause Zhou Enlai’s Negotiating Team Setting the Stage for the Negotiations: The January 22 Talk Survey of the Negotiating Process Agreements Published at the Time Agreements Not Published at the Time, but the Conclusion of Which Was Announced Publicly Secret Agreements Negotiations for the Agreements Signed on February 14, 1950 The Treaty of Alliance The Secret Additional Agreement on the Prohibition of Foreign Actions in Sino- Soviet Border Areas The Agreement on the Chinese Changchun Railroad, Port Arthur, and Dairen The Secret Protocol on the Right to Supply the Soviet Troops Stationed in Port Arthur The Credit Agreement The Secret Protocol on the Delivery of Strategic Raw Materials to the Soviet Union The Exchange of Notes on Annulling the Treaty and the Agreements of August 14, 1945, and on the Independence of the Mongolian People’s Republic Intercultural Irritations Signing the Treaty on February 14, 1950, and Mao Zedong’s Return Trip Negotiations for the Agreements Signed in March and April The Secret Agreement of March 27, 1950, on the Working Conditions of the Soviet Specialists in China The Agreements of March 27, 1950, on the Establishment of Two Mixed Joint- Stock Companies to Mine Raw Materials in Sinkiang (with Secret Protocol) The Agreement of March 27, 1950, on the Establishment of a Mixed Joint-Stock Company to Provide Civil Aviation The Trade Agreement, Protocol on the Exchange of Goods, and Other Economic Agreements of April 19, 1950 Preparations for an Agreement on Secret Service Cooperation 5. Conclusions and Prospects Appendix Document 1. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning the Chinese Changchun Railroad, Port Arthur, and Dairen of January 5, 1950 Document 2. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning Dairen and Port Arthur of January 9, 1950 Document 3. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning Dairen and Port Arthur of January 10, 1950 Document 4. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning Port Arthur and Dairen of January 12, 1950 Document 5. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning Port Arthur and Dairen of January 16, 1950 Document 6: First Variant. Soviet Draft of a Protocol Confirming the Validity of the Agreement on the Chinese Changchun Railroad of January 16, 1950 Document 6: Second Variant. Soviet Draft of a Statement Confirming the Validity of the Agreement on the Chinese Changchun Railroad of January 16, 1950 Document 7. Soviet Draft of a Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance of January 22, 1950 Document 8. Soviet Draft of a Protocol Concerning the Agreement on Port Arthur and Dairen of January 22, 1950

Description:
Drawing on a wealth of new sources, this work documents the evolving relationship between Moscow and Peking in the twentieth century. Using newly available Russian and Chinese archival documents, memoirs written in the 1980s and 1990s, and interviews with high-ranking Soviet and Chinese eyewitnesses
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