The Soviet Union and Communist China 1945-1950: The Arduous Road to the Alliance

583 Pages·2003·4.43 MB·English

by  Dieter Heinzig

THE SOVIET UNION AND
COMMUNIST CHINA 1945–1950
THE SOVIET UNION AND
COMMUNIST CHINA 1945–1950
THE ARDUOUS ROAD TO THE
ALLIANCE
DIETER HEINZIG
An East Gate Book
First published 1998 by M.E. Sharpe
Published 2015 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Heinzig, Dieter.
[Die Sowjetunion und das kommunistische China 1945-1950. English]
The Soviet Union and Communist China 1945-1950 : the arduous road to the alliance / Dieter Heinzig.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7656-0785-9 (alk. paper)
1. Soviet Union—Foreign relations—China. 2. China—Foreign relations—Soviet Union. 3. Soviet Union—
Foreign relations—1945–1991. 4. China—Foreign relations—1912–1949. I. Title.
DK68.7.C6H 4513 2003
327.47051 ‘09’044—dc21
2003014563
ISBN 13: 9780765607850 (hbk)
Long live comrade Stalin, teacher of world revolution and best friend of the Chinese
people!
—Mao Zedong in Moscow on February 17, 1950, before his return to China
I will write a book about Stalin’s mistakes and crimes myself. But it will be so terrifying
that I will not allow it to be published for 10,000 years.
—Mao Zedong to Aleksei Kosygin in February 1965
Contents
Abbreviations
Note on Transliteration
Preface
1. Background: The Emancipation of the Chinese Communist Party from Moscow
The CCP on the Comintern Leash (1921-35)
Mao Zedong’s Rise to Party Leader: Prerequisite for Emancipation
The “Sinification of Marxism” as Ideological Challenge to Moscow
The CCP and the Soviet Union During the Sino-Japanese War: Allegiance with
Reservations
The Soviet Union, the CCP, the Kuomintang, and the United Front Against Japan:
Origin of a Concept
Soviet Go-Betweens in Yenan: Comrades or Enemies?
Moscow’s One-Sided China Policy During the Sino-Japanese War
No Soviet Weapons for the Chinese Comrades
Conflict Between Moscow and Yenan over Policy Toward the KMT and Japan During
the War
The Beginnings of a CCP Foreign Policy: Flirting with the United States at the End of
the War
Interim Conclusions
2. Moscow’s Two-Faced Policy Toward China Between 1945 and 1948
The Soviet Union, the United States, the Kuomintang, and the CCP at the End of the
Second World War
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance of August 14, 1945: Moscow’s Grab for Czarist
Privileges
The Yalta Agreement of February 11, 1945 (I)
Background: Russian Privileges in Manchuria
The Yalta Agreement of February 11, 1945 (II)
Negotiations for the Treaty of Alliance
Results of the Negotiations
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance of August 14, 1945: Moscow’s Betrayal of the
Chinese Communists
Moscow’s Double Game in Manchuria
The Dilemma Between Legal Obligations and Political Goals
Designing a Dual Strategy: The Secret Meeting in Yenan and Its Consequences
The Handover of Manchuria to the Chinese Communists
From Truce to Civil War in China: The Four Protagonists’ Actions
The CCP’s Strategic Leaning to the Soviet Side
Moscow Holds Back: Mao Zedong’s Unsuccessful Insistence on a Meeting with Stalin
3. 1949: The Pivotal Year on the Road to the Alliance
Rethinking in Moscow: Is the Victory of the Chinese Communist Party Imminent?
Affront to the CCP: Ambassador Roshchin Follows the KMT Government to Canton
Moscow and the CCP at the Beginning of 1949: Creating Political Consensus on the
KMT
The First Top-Level Secret Meeting: Mikoyan in Xibaipo (February 1949)
Tension Due to Roshchin’s Move to Canton
Dispute over the CCP’s Revolutionary Strategy?
Differences of Opinion About Forming a Government
Port Arthur and the Chinese Changchun Railroad
Consensus on the Sinkiang Question
Conflict over Outer Mongolia
Recognition of the Future Communist Government
The Wang Ming Case
A Masterpiece of Byzantine Flattery
The CCP’s Economic and Social Policies
The CCP’s Foreign Policy
Soviet Economic Aid
Results of the Mikoyan Trip
Ivan Kovalev: Stalin’s Man with Mao Zedong
The CCP’s Policy Toward the West and the Role of the Soviet Union: Beginnings of a
Strategic Relationship
Was Stalin Seeking to Divide China into Two Parts?
The Second Top-Level Secret Meeting: Liu Shaoqi in Moscow (Summer 1949)
Background and Goals
The First Session: Questions of Soviet Aid
Yi bian dao: Mao’s Definitive Profession of Loyalty to the Soviet Union
Liu’s Written Report to Stalin
Liu’s Wish List
Discussion of Liu’s Report and Wish List: The July 11 Session
A Fact-Finding and Inspection Tour
Plans for Military Cooperation: The July 27 Session
Trouble Due to Gao Gang
The “Elder Brother-Younger Brother” Debate 211
Final Session and Farewell
Military Aid
Secret Service Cooperation
Economic, Technical, and Cultural Cooperation
Liu ‘s Return Trip and the First Group of Soviet Specialists
Results of the Liu Mission
The CCP’s Tactical Exploratory Contacts with the United States and Great Britain and
the Role of the Soviet Union
Huang Hua’s Contacts with John Leighton Stuart and Andrei Ledovskii
Zhou Enlai’s June Message
The CCP Leadership’s July Message
The Zhou Demarche
July 1 as Turning Point
Conclusion: No “Lost Chance in China”
Establishment of Diplomatic Relations: Problems with the Soviet Ambassador
Irritations in Anticipation of Mao’s Moscow Trip
4. Stalin and Mao Zedong in Moscow: The Breakthrough to the Alliance
Mao’s Trip to Moscow: Motives, Planning, and Arrival
Cool Reception in Moscow
Stalin Takes a Firm Stand: The December 16 Talk
“Stewing in His Own Juices at the Dacha”: Act I
Stalin’s Seventieth Birthday and Mao’s Role
Stalin Makes Mao Wait: The December 24 Talk
Kovalev’s Denunciatory Report to Stalin
“Stewing in His Own Juices at the Dacha”: Act II
Mao’s “TASS Interview”
The Breakthrough
Stalin’s Advances to Mao Zedong
The United States: Invisible Partner at the Negotiating Table
Chinese Requests for Aid
Preparations for the Negotiations
Prevention of Aggression
International Action for Peace and Security
Clause of Assistance
Prohibition of Alliances
Renunciation of Separate Negotiations with Japan
Clause of Consultation
Economic and Cultural Cooperation and Mutual Assistance
Port Arthur, Darien, and the CCR
Final Clause
Zhou Enlai’s Negotiating Team
Setting the Stage for the Negotiations: The January 22 Talk
Survey of the Negotiating Process
Agreements Published at the Time
Agreements Not Published at the Time, but the Conclusion of Which Was
Announced Publicly
Secret Agreements
Negotiations for the Agreements Signed on February 14, 1950
The Treaty of Alliance
The Secret Additional Agreement on the Prohibition of Foreign Actions in Sino-
Soviet Border Areas
The Agreement on the Chinese Changchun Railroad, Port Arthur, and Dairen
The Secret Protocol on the Right to Supply the Soviet Troops Stationed in Port
Arthur
The Credit Agreement
The Secret Protocol on the Delivery of Strategic Raw Materials to the Soviet
Union
The Exchange of Notes on Annulling the Treaty and the Agreements of August 14,
1945, and on the Independence of the Mongolian People’s Republic
Intercultural Irritations
Signing the Treaty on February 14, 1950, and Mao Zedong’s Return Trip
Negotiations for the Agreements Signed in March and April
The Secret Agreement of March 27, 1950, on the Working Conditions of the Soviet
Specialists in China
The Agreements of March 27, 1950, on the Establishment of Two Mixed Joint-
Stock Companies to Mine Raw Materials in Sinkiang (with Secret Protocol)
The Agreement of March 27, 1950, on the Establishment of a Mixed Joint-Stock
Company to Provide Civil Aviation
The Trade Agreement, Protocol on the Exchange of Goods, and Other Economic
Agreements of April 19, 1950
Preparations for an Agreement on Secret Service Cooperation
5. Conclusions and Prospects
Appendix
Document 1. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning the Chinese Changchun Railroad,
Port Arthur, and Dairen of January 5, 1950
Document 2. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning Dairen and Port Arthur of January
9, 1950
Document 3. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning Dairen and Port Arthur of January
10, 1950
Document 4. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning Port Arthur and Dairen of January
12, 1950
Document 5. Soviet Draft on Questions Concerning Port Arthur and Dairen of January
16, 1950
Document 6: First Variant. Soviet Draft of a Protocol Confirming the Validity of the
Agreement on the Chinese Changchun Railroad of January 16, 1950
Document 6: Second Variant. Soviet Draft of a Statement Confirming the Validity of
the Agreement on the Chinese Changchun Railroad of January 16, 1950
Document 7. Soviet Draft of a Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance of
January 22, 1950
Document 8. Soviet Draft of a Protocol Concerning the Agreement on Port Arthur and
Dairen of January 22, 1950