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The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia John Glenn Lecrrrrcr Deptirtnrc>tlto f'Politic,.s l~lfc~rtiu~iotRico~l(lr tio1l.~ L I I ~ ~ Uni~vt-sir!o f'Sorrr/iczr?~l)roti @ First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills. Basingstoke, Hampshire RG2 1 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-333-73359-2 @ First published in the United States of America 1999 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 0-3 12-222 18- 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Glenn, John, 1963- The Soviet legacy in Central Asia 1 John Glenn. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-3 12-222 18- 1 (cloth) I. Asia, Central-Politics and government-1991- 2. National security-Asia, Central. 3. Nationalism-Asia, Central. 4. Asia, Central-Ethnic relations. I. Title. DK859.56.G57 1999 320.54'0958'09048-dc2 1 98-55307 CIP ~ p-p-ppp -~p --------p-p-p-p----- .~~~-. -. - -.- - ---. - - - - -- 0 John Glenn 1999 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. 90 Tottenham Court Road. London W I P OLP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained Forest sources. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire For Dilly Contents List of Maps List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The South's 'Insecurity Dilemma' Forms of Sovereignty within the State System Three Dimensions of State Power Unresolvable Uncertainty from Within Conclusion 2 Ethnicity, Nationalism and Nation-Building The Origins of Nationalism The Fusion of Civic and Ethnic Nationalism Theories of Nationalism Consolidating the Nation 3 Pre-Revolutionary Identities in Central Asia Ethnic Identities within Central Asia Sub-Ethnic Identities Institutional Structures of Central Asia Pan-Islamic Identity Political Movements of Pre-Revolutionary Central Asia Conclusion 4 The Redrawing of Boundaries: Soviet 'Official Nationalism' The Creation of a National Classificatory Grid National Modernisation within the Republics The Effects of Russification The Construction of National Myth-Synlbol Complexes Reconstructing History Soviet Policy towards Islam The Changing Face of Islam The Central Asian Economy Conclusion . . . vl11 Cont ents 5 Contemporary Central Asia Supra-Ethnic Identities Political Movements in Conte~nporaryC entral Asia Inter-Ethnic and Intra-Ethnic Divisions Consequences of the Soviet Era 6 Iron Fist or Velvet Revolution? The Soviet Legacy The Insecurity Dilemma Revisited Reform or Reaction? Appendix Notes Bibliography Index List of Maps 1 Contemporary Central Asia xii 2 Pre-Revolutionary Central Asia: Its Incorporation into Tsarist Russia. Taken from M. Florinsky, Russiu: A Short History (London: Macmillan 1966), pp. 326-7 3 Contemporary Tadzhikistan. Taken from Labyrinth: Central Asia Quarterly, 1 (Spring 1994). List of Abbreviations ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPT Communist Party of Tadzhikistan CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe DDK Democratic Movement of Kirghizstan DPK Democratic Party of Kazakhstan DPT Democratic Party of Turkmenistan ECO Economic Co-operation Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund IRP Islamic Renaissance Party of Tadzhikistan NRM National Revival Movement of Tadzhikistan NRC National Reconciliation Commission of Tadzhikistan OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe OAU Organisation of African Unity RSFSR Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic PDPU People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan SNEK Union of People's Unity of Kazakhstan SPK Socialist Party of Kazakhstan USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USAID United States Agency for International Development UTO United Tadzhik Opposition UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Acknowledgements I owe a debt of gratitude to an extremely large number of people for their support in the writing of this book. Firstly, there are those who provided me with contacts for my trip to Central Asia and without whose help I would have been unable to conduct my research, I would therefore like to thank Ian Gorvin of Amnesty International, Erika Dailey of Human Rights Watch, Patricia Carley of The United States Institute of Peace, Uwe Halbach of the Federal Institute for East European & International Studies, Dr. Roy Allison, Dr. Paul Luft, Professor Fred Halliday, Professor Ernest Gellner and Professor Margot Light. Secondly, there are those that granted me permission to interview them during my visit to Central Asia, my deepest thanks go out to Murat Lamaulin of the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies, Dr. Meruert Abuseiytova of the Kazakh Centre for Oriental Studies. Yevgeny Zhovtis of the Kazakh-American Bureau on Human Rights, Professor Galiev Zabnooloviz of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences, Dr. Igor Bornashov of the Kazakh International Relations Department, Kamil Bayalinov of the Kirghiz Komsomolskaya Pravda, Omurbek Tekebayev of Ata Meken. Dr. Anara Tabyshalieva of the Kirghiz Peace Institute and Turgunaliev Topchubek of Erkin Kirghizstan. Also my special thanks to Zulfia Marat. Marina Goldstein and Marina Adamovskaya of the Kirghiz-American Bureau on Human Rights and Amrik Pala without whose help I would never have attained as much information as I did and would certainly have had a far less eventful trip. Because of the situation in several of the Central Asian states many of the people I wish to thank must remain anonymous. needless to say they know who they are and my deepest gratitude to them for seeing me under such difficult conditions. Finally I would like to thank my friends and colleagues at Southampton University who have given me support and advice over the years. I would like to thank Dr. Darryl Howlett. Professor Caroline Thomas, Dr. Adrian Hyde-Price, Dr. Tony Evans, Anita Catney, Sandy Wilkins and Jacquie Smith for all their help, support and concern over the last five years. I would not have continued with my work if it were not for my friends in Southampton, Ianna Ames, Annie Evans, Hedeiko Toma and Nawzat who have provided much-needed support throughout my time there. My great- est thanks are reserved for three of my closest friends, Jules and Pete Wilkin, Simon Eagle and of course my partner Sharan, who have not only put up with my general irascibility but have supported me to the extent that I very much doubt that I would have completed this book without their good humour. support and comradeship. xii The Soviet Legtrcy it1 Ccntrnl Asiti