The South China Sea: Paleoceanography and Sedimentology PDF
Preview The South China Sea: Paleoceanography and Sedimentology
The South China Sea Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research VOLUME13 AimsandScope: Paleoenvironmental research continues to enjoy tremendous interest and progress inthescientificcommunity.TheoverallaimsandscopeoftheDevelopmentsinPa- leoenvironmentalResearchbookseriesistocapturethisexcitementanddocument thesedevelopments.Volumesrelatedtoanyaspectofpaleoenvironmentalresearch, encompassing any time period, are within the scope of the series. For example, relevant topics include studies focused on terrestrial, peatland, lacustrine, riverine, estuarine,andmarinesystems,icecores,cavedeposits,palynology,isotopes,geo- chemistry, sedimentology, paleontology, etc. Methodological and taxonomic vol- umesrelevanttopaleoenvironmentalresearcharealsoencouraged.Theserieswill include edited volumes on a particular subject, geographic region, or time period, conferenceandworkshopproceedings,aswellasmonographs.Prospectiveauthors and/or editorsshould consulttheserieseditorsformoredetails.The serieseditors alsowelcomeanycommentsorsuggestionsforfuturevolumes. EDITORANDBOARDOFADVISORS SeriesEditor: JohnP.Smol,Queen’sUniversity,Canada AdvisoryBoard: KeithAlverson,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission(IOC),UNESCO, France H.JohnB.Birks,UniversityofBergenandBjerknesCentreforClimateResearch, Norway RaymondS.Bradley,UniversityofMassachusetts,USA GlenM.MacDonald,UniversityofCalifornia,USA Forfuthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5869 The South China Sea Paleoceanography and Sedimentology Editedby PinxianWang StateKeyLaboratoryofMarineGeology,TongjiUniversity, Shanghai,China Qianyu Li StateKeyLaboratoryofMarineGeology,TongjiUniversity, Shanghai,China SchoolofEarthandEnvironmentalSciences,TheUniversityofAdelaide, SouthAustralia5005,Australia 123 Editors PinxianWang QianyuLi StateKeyLaboratoryof StateKeyLaboratoryof MarineGeology MarineGeology TongjiUniversity TongjiUniversity 1239SipingRoad 1239SipingRoad 200092Shanghai 200092Shanghai China,People’sRepublic China,People’sRepublic [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] SchoolofEarthandEnvironmentalSciences TheUniversityofAdelaide SouthAustralia5005 Australia [email protected] Covercreditnote: Backgroundillustration:VariouscoralsgrowinginthelagoonofMeijiReef,NanshaIslands,photo byKefuYu Insert:Pre-Oligocenebasetopographyafteryoungerdepositswereremoved,imagebyHuangandWang ISBN 978-1-4020-9744-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9745-4 DOI10.1007/978-1-4020-9745-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009920103 (cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Contents 1 Introduction.................................................... 1 PinxianWangandQianyuLi References ...................................................... 14 2 OceanographicalandGeologicalBackground ...................... 25 PinxianWangandQianyuLi Introduction ..................................................... 25 2.1 BathymetryandGeomorphology............................... 26 2.2 Oceanography .............................................. 28 Monsoon ................................................ 29 SurfaceCirculation ........................................ 32 SurfaceTemperatureandSalinity ............................ 34 ThermoclineandUpwelling................................. 38 WaterExchangewithPacificandKuroshioIntrusion............ 40 DeepWaterCirculation .................................... 45 OtherOceanographicFeatures............................... 48 OceanographicSummary................................... 48 2.3 TectonicHistoryandSedimentaryBasins........................ 49 PriorTerrainsandOpeningoftheSCS........................ 51 Step-WiseClosureoftheSeaBasin .......................... 58 FormationofShelf-SlopeSedimentaryBasins ................. 59 SedimentsoftheSCSShelf-SlopeBasins:AnOverview......... 64 SummaryofTectonicsandBasinFormation ................... 67 References ...................................................... 68 3 StratigraphyandSeaLevelChanges .............................. 75 Introduction ..................................................... 75 3.1 LithostratigraphicOverview(LiQ.andZhongG.) ................ 76 Pre-CenozoicBasement .................................... 76 LithostratigraphyofSyn-RiftSediments ...................... 76 Post-RiftSedimentsinShelf-SlopeBasins..................... 80 DeepWaterLithostratigraphy ............................... 86 v vi Contents 3.2 BiostratigraphicFramework(LiQ.)............................. 93 FloralandShallow-WaterFaunalAssemblages................. 93 PlanktonicForaminiferalandNannofossilBiostratigraphy ....... 95 QuaternaryLithobiostratigraphicEvents ...................... 98 3.3 IsotopicandAstronomicalStratigraphy(TianJ.andLiQ.) .........100 NeogeneIsotopicRecordsatSite1148 .......................100 Pliocene–PleistoceneIsotopicRecordsatSite1143 .............107 3.4 Stratigraphy of Major Shelf and Slope Basins (ZhongG.andLiQ.) ........................................ 109 NorthernSouthChinaSeaBasins ............................111 SouthernSouthChinaSeaBasins ............................128 3.5 RegionalSeaLevelChanges(ZhongG.andLiQ.) ................147 LateQuaternarySeaLevelChanges ..........................148 Long-TermSeaLevelChangesSincetheOligocene.............149 NewApproachTowardFine-ScaleSeaLevelMagnitude.........151 SummaryofSouthChinaSeastratigraphy............................155 References ......................................................157 4 Sedimentology ..................................................171 Introduction .....................................................171 4.1 SurfaceDepositionPatterns(LiuZ.) ............................172 DepositDistributionPatterns................................172 SedimentTransport........................................178 4.2 TerrigenousDeposition(LiuZ.)................................180 ClayMineralogyandGeochemistryofSourceAreas............180 ClayMinerals ............................................181 Geochemistry.............................................187 TerrigenousSedimentSupplyinGlacialCycles ................192 Long-TermChangesofTerrigenousSedimentSupply ...........199 4.3 BiogenicDeposition .........................................204 Carbonate(LiJ.andWangP.) ...............................204 Opal (WangR.) ..........................................217 4.4 CoralReefs(YuK.andZhaoJ.)................................229 ModernCoralReefDistribution .............................230 CarbonatePlatformSedimentsandCalciumCarbonateProduction 237 ReefHistory..............................................248 4.5 VolcanicDeposition(LiuZ.)...................................255 VolcanicRockDistribution .................................255 VolcanicAshRecords......................................257 CaseStudies:Pinatubo,Toba................................258 4.6 EstimationofDepositMassSincetheOligocene (HuangW.andWangP.)...................................... 262 DataSourcesandAnalyses .................................263 SedimentDistributionandMass .............................265 Contents vii EstimationofTerrigenousandCarbonateMasses...............267 DepositionalPatterns ......................................269 MajorCharacteristicsofSCSSedimentation...................276 References ......................................................278 5 UpperWaterStructureandPaleo-Monsoon........................297 Introduction .....................................................297 5.1 SeaSurfaceTemperatureHistory(JianZ.andTianJ.).............298 SSTProxies ..............................................298 Paleo-SSTReconstruction ..................................303 Paleo-SSTPatterns ........................................312 5.2 ThermoclineDepthHistory(TianJ.andJianZ.)..................318 ProxiesofThermoclineDepth...............................318 Paleo-ThermoclineDepth...................................320 5.3 VegetationHistoryinDeep-SeaRecord(SunX.)..................328 PollenDistributioninSurfaceSediments......................329 Long-TermEvolution ......................................331 LastGlacialPollenRecords:North-SouthDifferences...........342 North-SouthComparisonoftheVegetationDuringtheLGM .....349 5.4 MonsoonHistory(JianZ.andTianJ.) ..........................351 MonsoonProxies..........................................352 Tectonic-ScaleLong-TermEvolution.........................360 Orbital-ScaleVariability....................................363 Suborbital-ScaleVariability.................................374 Summary .......................................................381 References ......................................................382 6 DeepWatersandOceanicConnection .............................395 QuanhongZhao,QianyuLiandZhiminJian Introduction .....................................................395 6.1 ModernDeepWatersandTheirFaunalFeatures ..................396 MarginalSeasintheWesternPacific .........................396 ModernIntermediateandDeepWatersintheSouthChinaSea....397 ModernDeep-SeaBenthicForaminiferaandOstracods..........398 6.2 LateQuaternaryDeep-WaterFaunasandStableIsotopes...........402 6.3 NeogeneandOligoceneDeep-WaterBenthicFaunas fromODPLeg184Sites ..................................... 405 Site1148BenthicForaminifera..............................405 Site1148Ostracods .......................................412 FaunalIndicationofDeep-WaterMassChanges................412 6.4 DeepWaterEvolution:EvidencefromCarbonate PreservationandIsotopes..................................... 419 CarbonateDissolution .....................................419 IsotopicRecords ..........................................422 viii Contents 6.5 OceanicConnection..........................................425 Summary .......................................................427 References ......................................................430 7 BiogeochemistryandtheCarbonReservoir ........................439 Introduction .....................................................439 7.1 ProductivityandNutrientDynamicsintheModern SouthChinaSea(ZhaoM.) ................................... 440 PrimaryProductivity.......................................440 NutrientSupplies..........................................442 CommunityStructure,ExportProductivityandSedimentary BiogenicContent..................................... 445 7.2 PaleoproductivityReconstructionoftheSouthChinaSea (ZhaoM.).................................................. 449 PatternsofProductivityChangesDuringGlacial-Interglacial Oscillations ......................................... 449 Pre-PleistocenePaleoproductivityChanges ....................457 7.3 CarbonReservoirChanges(WangP.,TianJ.andLiJ.).............459 ModernCarbonCycling....................................459 LateQuaternaryδ13CCyclicity..............................463 Long-TermTrendofCarbonIsotopes.........................473 Summary .......................................................476 References ......................................................476 8 HistoryoftheSouthChinaSea–ASynthesis.......................485 PinxianWangandQianyuLi Introduction .....................................................485 8.1 EvolutionoftheSouthChinaSeaBasin .........................486 Pre-SpreadingStageintheEarlyPaleogene ...................486 SeafloorSpreadingintheOligocene-EarlyMiocene.............487 Post-SpreadingStageSincetheLateMiocene..................488 8.2 EvolutionoftheEastAsianMonsoon...........................489 SummerMonsoonandChemicalWeathering ..................489 WinterMonsoonandNorth-SouthContrast....................491 EastandSouthAsianMonsoons .............................492 8.3 EvolutionofContinent-OceanInteractions.......................494 References ......................................................495 Index .............................................................497 Contributors WeiHuang StateKeyLaboratoryofMarineGeology,SchoolofOceanandEarth Sciences,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200092,China,[email protected] Zhimin Jian State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and EarthSciences,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200092,China,[email protected]; [email protected] JianruLi StateKeyLaboratoryofMarineGeology,SchoolofOceanandEarth Sciences,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200092,China,[email protected] Qianyu Li State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Earth andEnvironmentalSciences,TheUniversityofAdelaide,SouthAustralia5005, Australia,[email protected];[email protected] ZhifeiLiu StateKeyLaboratoryofMarineGeology,SchoolofOceanandEarth Sciences,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200092,China,[email protected] XiangjunSun InstituteofBotany,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100093, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200092,China,[email protected] JunTian StateKeyLaboratoryofMarineGeology,SchoolofOceanandEarth Sciences,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200092,China,[email protected] Pinxian Wang State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China, [email protected];[email protected] RujianWang StateKeyLaboratoryofMarineGeology,SchoolofOceanand EarthSciences,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200092,China,[email protected] KefuYu SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofSciences, Guangzhou510301,China,[email protected] Jianxin Zhao Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland,Queensland4072,Australia,[email protected] ix
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