TheSolarGeneration IEEEPress 445HoesLane Piscataway,NJ08854 IEEEPressEditorialBoard EkramHossain,EditorinChief GiancarloFortino AndreasMolisch LindaShafer DavidAlanGrier SaeidNahavandi MohammadShahidehpour DonaldHeirman RayPerez SarahSpurgeon XiaoouLi JeffreyReed AhmetMuratTekalp The Solar Generation Childhood and Adolescence of Terrestrial Photovoltaics Philip R. Wolfe Copyright2018byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrights reserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise, exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,without eitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentofthe appropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers, MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.Requeststo thePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley& Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineat http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbest effortsinpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttothe accuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimplied warrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedor extendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontained hereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhere appropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orother damages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,please contactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidethe UnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsin printmaynotbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visit ourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. ISBN:978-1-119-42558-8 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Thisbookisdedicatedtoallthose –describedhereinorotherwise– whostruggledagainstthestatusquo toestablishtheterrestrialphotovoltaicssector; andbuildthefoundationsof amajorcleanenergytechnology. In memory of friends Bill Yerkes, Joseph Lindmayer, Brian Harper, John Bonda, and those others who didn’t live to see the extent of their success1 1 seeSection10.3. vii Contents Foreword ix PartI: ABiographyofTerrestrialPhotovoltaics 1 1 OriginsofTerrestrialSolarPower 3 2 WhatIsPhotovoltaics? 9 3 TerrestrialSolarApplications 25 4 PhotovoltaicResearch 47 5 PVBusinessandMarkets 77 6 EconomicsofSolarGeneration 95 7 SolarIndustryParticipants 105 8 GeopoliticsoftheEarlySolarSector 115 9 TheNextGeneration 131 PartII: Encyclopedia–People,Organizations,Events 137 10 Who’sWho:ProfilesofEarlyPVPioneers 139 11 ProfilesofEarlyPVCompaniesandOrganizations 199 viii Contents 12 How:ResearchandTechnology 271 13 Where:GeographyandPolitics 275 14 When:Conferences,Get-togethers,Prizes 289 PartIII: Appendices–Dictionary,References,Glossary,andIndexes 305 A AcknowledgmentsandReminiscences 307 B CitedReferences 311 C Bibliography:Books,Publications,andWebsites 327 D Glossary,Units,Conversions,andStandards 333 E IndexofDetailedTableofContents 349 F IndexesofFigures,Images,andTables 361 Index 369 AdetailedTableofContentsisprovidedinAppendixE.
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