The soils of Turkey PDF
Preview The soils of Turkey
World Soils Book Series Selim Kapur Erhan Akça Hikmet Günal Editors The Soils of Turkey World Soils Book Series Series editor Prof. Alfred E. Hartemink Department of Soil Science, FD Hole Soils Laboratory University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison USA Aims and Scope TheWorldSoilsBookSeriesbringstogethersoilinformationandsoilknowledgeofaparticular country in a concise and reader-friendly way. The books include sections on soil research history, geomorphology, major soil types, soil maps, soil properties, soil classification, soil fertility,landuseandvegetation,soilmanagement,andsoilsandhumans. International Union of Soil Sciences More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8915 Selim Kapur Erhan Akça (cid:129) Hikmet Günal Editors The Soils of Turkey 123 Editors Selim Kapur Hikmet Günal Department ofSoil Science andPlant Department ofSoil Science andPlant Nutrition Nutrition University of Çukurova GaziosmanpaşaUniversity Adana Tokat Turkey Turkey Erhan Akça Schoolof Technical Sciences University of Adıyaman Adıyaman Turkey ISSN 2211-1255 ISSN 2211-1263 (electronic) World Soils BookSeries ISBN978-3-319-64390-8 ISBN978-3-319-64392-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64392-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017947833 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To my Great Teachers andFriends inPedology and Geology, E.A. FitzPatrick (Aberdeen, Scotland), H.H. Eswaran (Arlington, Virginia, USA), U. Dinç (Adana, Turkey), O. Erol (İstanbul, Turkey), N. Munsuz (Ankara, Turkey), G. Kelling OBE (Keele, United Kingdom) and J. Ryan (Tipperary, Ireland), and to my dear Family for their everlasting encouragement and patience during the period of editing/writing and our grandchildren Demir and Derin for their devoted love. EwartA.FitzPatrick(1926–)(Aberdeen, HariEswaran(1941–2014)(Arlington,Virginia, Scotland) USA) UralDinç(1937–2015)(Adana,Turkey) OğuzErol(1926–2014)(İstanbul,Turkey) GilbertKellingO.B.E(1933–)(Keele,England) NuriMunsuz(1933–2006)(Ankara,Turkey) JohnRyan(1944–)(Tipperary,Ireland) DemirandDerinKapur(Adana,Turkey) Selim Kapur Preface Thereisbroadagreementthat,asfaraspossible,soilsshouldbeprotectedagainstinappropriate usebyotherexpandingsectorsofanationaleconomy,primarilyinordertosustainthenatural resources and the social welfare of individual countries and of the global community. This is especiallyimportantforthosecountriesthathavealreadyattainedabroadlyacceptablestandard oflivingbutareambitioustoattainevenhigherlevels.InthiscontextTurkeyoffersasalutary example,sincetherapidgrowthintheTurkisheconomyandindustryoverthepastfewdecades has been achieved, at least in part, at the expense of a national loss of prime soil and related resources through urban expansion and the enhanced space and resource requirements of large-scaleindustry. Moreover, both gigantic and smaller scale projects based on irrigation have been implementedwidelyoverrecentdecadeswithinmanyregionsofTurkey.Manyofthesehave been justified as a means of alleviating rural poverty and enhancing regional economies and incomegeneration.Regrettably,however,theplanningandimplementationoftheseirrigation projectshavebeenbasedprimarilyonthemanifoldrequirementsandavailabilityofareliable water supply but, in general, less attention has been devoted to soil properties data. Such an approacheffectivelyignoresthebulkofthesubstantialbodyofdataandmapsconcerningsoil properties that have been generated previously to assist in crop and sustainable water management.Thus,theultimateaimofthisbookistoprovideanexplanatoryreviewofthesoils ofthis countryand tosummarize theknowledge accumulated overmany decades concerning theirformationandcontemporarymanagement. Furthermore, some of the topics described in this updated version provide important clues and criteria that relate to a future Sustainable Land Management approach partly established onthehistoricalecosystem-basedsoiluse,morepreciselyonthe‘SoilEcosystems’and/orthe ‘Anthroscapes’.Thesoil-nomenclatureteamthatattemptedtoachievethisgoalwaschairedby Prof.Dr.MehmetAliÇulluoftheHarranUniversityandcomprisedtheEditorsandaselection of the article authors, chosen on the basis of their substantial research record on pertinent topics,bothinthefieldandintheGISenvironment.ThisgroupcomprisedProfs.ErhanAkça (Adıyaman University), Salih Aydemir (Harran University), Ertuğrul Aksoy (Uludağ University), Gönül Aydın (Adnan Menderes University), Orhan Dengiz (Ondokuz Mayıs University), Sabit Erşahin (Çankırı Karatekin University), Mahmut Dingil (Çukurova University), Özden Görücü (Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University), Yusuf Kurucu (Ege University), Hasan Özcan (Onsekiz Mart University), and Mustafa Sarı (Akdeniz University) in alphabetical order. The editorial board is also highly indebted to the following reviewers: Profs. Joselito Arocena (University of Northern British Columbia, Canada), Angel Faz Cano (Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain) Orhan Dengiz (Ondokuz Mayıs University), Emin Bülent Erenoğlu (Çukurova University), Muhsin Eren (Mersin University), Sabit Erşahin (Çankırı Karatekin University), Selahattin Kadir (Osmangazi University), Salvatore Madrau (Sassari University, Italy), Hasan Özcan (Onsekiz Mart University), Franco Previtali (University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy),Mustafa Sarı(Akdeniz University), Suat Şenol (Çukurova University), Pandi Zdruli (MAI-Bari, Italy), and Claudio Zucca (ICARDA, Amman, Jordan). We gladly vii viii Preface acknowledgeProf.AhmetR.Mermutforhishelpinpeerreviewinganumberofthesubmitted articles and also for his valuable suggestions on the reconstruction of the chapters related to the soils. Ms. Corina van der Giessen (Springer editorial) is highly acknowledged for her continuous encouragement and valuable efforts devoted during the preparation of the book. ThanksareduetoSureshRettagunta(SpringerChennai),YaprakTanrıverdiandOsmanDolaş (Adıyaman University) for their efforts in designing the book layout. Finally, we are highly indebted for the valuable suggestions raised by Prof. Alfred Hartemink (Editor of the “Soils of the World” series) which made this book a worthwhile achievement. Adana, Turkey Selim Kapur Adıyaman, Turkey Erhan Akça Tokat, Turkey Hikmet Günal Contents Historical Perspective of Soil Research in Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Hikmet Günal, Koray Haktanır, and Selim Kapur Vegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 İbrahim Atalay Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Ufuk Utku Turunçoğlu, Murat Türkeş, Deniz Bozkurt, Barış Önol, Ömer Lütfi Şen, and Hasan Nüzhet Dalfes Climate Change and Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Selim Kapur, Mehmet Aydın, Erhan Akça, and Paul Reich Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Mehmet Cemal Göncüoğlu Pedogeomorphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 İbrahim Atalay, Cemal Saydam, Selahattin Kadir, and Muhsin Eren Soil Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Mehmet Ali Çullu, Hikmet Günal, Erhan Akça, and Selim Kapur Cambisols and Leptosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Erhan Akça, Sevda Polat, Somayyeh Razzaghi, Nadia Vignozzi, Zülküf Kaya, and Selim Kapur Fluvisols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Hasan Özcan Calcisols and Leptosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Erhan Akça, Salih Aydemir, Selahattin Kadir, Muhsin Eren, Claudio Zucca, Hikmet Günal, Franco Previtali, Pandi Zdruli, Ahmet Çilek, Mesut Budak, Ahmet Karakeçe, Selim Kapur, and Ewart Adsil FitzPatrick Vertisols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Hasan Özcan, Salih Aydemir, Mehmet Ali Çullu, Hikmet Günal, Muhsin Eren, Selahattin Kadir, Hüseyin Ekinci, Timuçin Everest, Ali Sungur, and Ewart Adsil FitzPatrick Alisols-Acrisols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Hasan Özcan, Orhan Dengiz, and Sabit Erşahin Podzols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Hüseyin Ekinci, Hasan Özcan, Orhan Yüksel, and Sabit Erşahin Kastanozems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Ertuğrul Aksoy, Gökhan Özsoy, Ekin Ulaş Karaata, and Duygu Boyraz ix
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