The Soils of Sri Lanka PDF
Preview The Soils of Sri Lanka
World Soils Book Series Ranjith B. Mapa Editor The Soils of Sri Lanka World Soils Book Series Series Editor Alfred E. Hartemink Department of Soil Science, FD Hole Soils Laboratory University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison, WI USA The World Soils Book Series publishes peer-reviewed books on the soils of a particular country. They include sections on soil research history, climate, geology, geomorphology, major soil types, soil maps, soil properties, soil classification, soil fertility, land use and vegetation, soil management, soils and humans, soils and industry, future soil issues. The bookssummarizewhatisknownaboutthesoilsinaparticularcountryinaconciseandhighly reader-friendly way. The series contains both single and multi-authored books as well as edited volumes. There is additional scope for regional studies within the series, particularly when covering large land masses (for example, The Soils of Texas, The Soils of California), however, these will be assessed on an individual basis. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8915 Ranjith B. Mapa Editor The Soils of Sri Lanka 123 Editor Ranjith B. Mapa Peradeniya,Sri Lanka ISSN 2211-1255 ISSN 2211-1263 (electronic) World Soils BookSeries ISBN978-3-030-44142-5 ISBN978-3-030-44144-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44144-9 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageand retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafter developed. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland This book is dedicated to Vidya Jothi Dr. C.R. Panabokke,the eminent Soil Scientists who worked tirelessly on exploring the knowledge on Soils of Sri Lanka Acknowledgements We are grateful to individual authors and following organizations who have kindly given permission for the reproduction of copyright material (figure number in parentheses). Natural Resource Management Center (NRMC), Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya (Figs. 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, and 8.1), Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka (Figs. 1.2, 1.4, 5.6, and 5.15), National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka (Fig. 5.3), Tropical Agriculture Research (Figs. 5.4 and 5.5). vii About This Book Over 20 million people live in Sri Lanka and more than 50% of them are involved in agriculture on a full or part-time basis. Agriculture is a part and parcel of the rural people ofthecountry.Withtheincreasingpopulation,thepercapitaarablelandareahaddecreasedto 0.14 ha which will reduce further in the future due to population increase and land degra- dation. The country’s economy, cleanliness of water resources, and the health of people depend on the sustainable management of the soil resource. This book compiles the current information on the diversity of soils of Sri Lanka and associated information on climate as a soil-forming factor, geology and geomorphology, soil mineralogy, and soil degradation. Finally, it highlights the possible future environmental soil issues. ix Contents 1 Soil Research and Soil Mapping History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ranjith B. Mapa 2 Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 B. V. R. Punyawardena 3 Geology and Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Rohana Chandrajith 4 Soil Mineralogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 S. P. Indraratne 5 Major Soils of the Dry Zone and Their Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 A. R. Dassanayake, G. G. R. De Silva, and Ranjith B. Mapa 6 Major Soils of the Intermediate Soils and Their Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . 69 A. R. Dassanayake, L. L. W. Somasiri, and Ranjith. B. Mapa 7 Major Soils of the Wet Zone and Their Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 A. R. Dassanayake, A. Senarath, L. S. K. Hettiarachchi, and Ranjith B. Mapa 8 Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Ranjith B. Mapa 9 Soil Degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 H. B. Nayakekorale 10 Environmental Soil Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Ranjith B. Mapa Index ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 125 xi Contributors Rohana Chandrajith Senior Professor in Geology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka A. R. Dassanayake Former Specialist Officer, Land use Division, Irrigation Department, Colombo, Sri Lanka G. G. R. De Silva Former Specialist Officer, Land use Division, Irrigation Department, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka L. S. K. Hettiarachchi Director, Tea Research Institute, Talawakele, Sri Lanka S. P. Indraratne Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, University of Win- nipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Ranjith. B. Mapa Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, University of Peredeniya, Peredeniya, Sri Lanka H.B.Nayakekorale FormerDirector,NaturalResourceManagementCenter,Departmentof Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka B. V. R. Punyawardena Director, Natural Resource Management Center, Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka A. Senarath Former Specialist Officer, Land use Division, Irrigation Department, Colombo, Sri Lanka L. L. W. Somasiri Former Deputy Director (Research), Coconut Research Institute, Lunu- wila, Sri Lanka xiii
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