The Soils of Serbia PDF
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World Soils Book Series Pavle Pavlović Nikola Kostić Branko Karadžić Miroslava Mitrović The Soils of Serbia World Soils Book Series Series editor Prof. Alfred E. Hartemink Department of Soil Science, FD Hole Soils Laboratory University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison USA Aims and Scope TheWorldSoilsBookSeriesbringstogethersoilinformationandsoilknowledgeofaparticular country in a concise and reader-friendly way. The books include sections on soil research history, geomorphology, major soil types, soil maps, soil properties, soil classification, soil fertility,landuseandvegetation,soilmanagement,andsoilsandhumans. International Union of Soil Sciences More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8915 ć ć Pavle Pavlovi Nikola Kosti (cid:129) ž ć ć Branko Karad i Miroslava Mitrovi (cid:129) The Soils of Serbia 123 PavlePavlović Branko Karadžić Department ofEcology, Institute Department ofEcology, Institute forBiological Research forBiological Research “SinišaStanković” “SinišaStanković” University of Belgrade University of Belgrade Belgrade Belgrade Serbia Serbia NikolaKostić Miroslava Mitrović Department ofEcology, Institute Department ofEcology, Institute forBiological Research forBiological Research “SinišaStanković” “SinišaStanković” University of Belgrade University of Belgrade Belgrade Belgrade Serbia Serbia ISSN 2211-1255 ISSN 2211-1263 (electronic) World Soils BookSeries ISBN978-94-017-8659-1 ISBN978-94-017-8660-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8660-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017935010 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:VanGodewijckstraat30,3311GXDordrecht,TheNetherlands Preface ‘The Soils of Serbia’ is part of the Springer international series on World Soils and brings together all the information that is available on soils in Serbia. It is the first publication to consolidateall theeffortsofthemany generations ofSerbiansoil scientistsover165years of soilsurveyandalsothefirstmonographonSerbiansoilstobepublishedinaforeignlanguage. We believe that thisremarkable,informative and timely workwillprovide future generations of soil scientists with great impetus. Inparticular,thisbookisinhomagetoallthescientistswhoexcelledintheirresearchinto soils in the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia, and is also a tribute to soil science on the 200th anniversary of the birth of the great Serbian botanist, Josif Pančić (1814–1888), who wasthefirstprofessorofNaturalHistoryandAgriculture,thefirstrectorattheGreatSchoolin Belgrade, and the founder of the Institutes of Mineralogy and Geology, Zoological and BotanicalDepartments,andtheExperimentalBotanical GardensinBelgrade.Coincidentally, workonthisbookstartedin2015—ayeardeclaredtheInternationalYearofSoilsbythe68th UN General Assembly. Integrated soil research began in the mid-nineteenth century (1849) when Prince Alek- sandar Karađorđević founded the agricultural school, which was allocated agricultural and forestlandinTopčiderinBelgrade.Overtime,itgrewintotheInstituteforSoilSciences.The periodafterWorldWarIwasimportantforsoilresearchwiththeFacultyofAgriculturebeing founded in Zemun and soil research gaining new impetus, thanks to Aleksandar Stebut, professor of pedology. He contributed to the formation of a well-established soil science researchteamatthefacultyinthefirstdecadeofthetwentiethcentury.Asaresult,thefirstsoil mapsfortheKingdomofYugoslavia(scale:1:3,500,000)werepublishedandlater,in1931,at thescaleof1:200,000.Inthesameperiod,Prof.StebutproposedthefirstnationalSerbiansoil classification system, and since then several soil classifications have been published. The last version of the Classification of Yugoslav Soils (Škorić et al. 1985) is still in use in all the republics of the former Yugoslavia. Antonović and Protić (1997) proposed a modified clas- sification for soils in Serbia, suggesting the need for harmonization of the national classifi- cation with the FAO, WRB and ESD systems, based on the results of satellite and aerial images and additional investigations in some areas. The most intensive period of development in the field of soil sciences in Yugoslavia was witnessedpost-WorldWarII,from1945onwards.Overthe60yearsthatfollowed,inspiteof difficultiesduringthe1990s,thewholeterritoryofSerbiawasmappedatascaleof1:50,000. The use of contemporary geographic information systems in soil surveying resulted in a new digitizedsoilmapofSerbia,whichwaspublishedbyMrvićetal.(2013).ThecurrentSoilMap of Serbia, with 20 mapping units, was created on the basis of 1:50,000 pedological maps, producedbytheInstituteofSoilScience(Belgrade),theInstituteofFieldandVegetableCrops (NoviSad),the‘JaroslavČerni’InstitutefortheDevelopmentofWaterResources(Belgrade) and the Environmental Protection Agency of Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection of Republic of Serbia. Serbian soils have been investigated and presented in numerous monographs, with con- tributions by authors from the former Yugoslavia, as well as those from Serbia. In the v vi Preface beginning, soil research focused on soil fertility and plant production, but in the 1970s, there wasgraduallyamoreholisticapproachandresearchbranchedoutintomorespecializedfields of soil survey. Advances in instrumental methods made a critical review of soil pollution possible, as well as the genesis of Serbian soils through pedogeochemical and pedominer- alogical studies. Soil is a limited but very valuable resource that attracts many human activities, such as agriculture,forestry,architectureandcivilengineering.Hence,itisessentialtounderstandthe processesthatleadtosoildegradation,pollutionanddevastation.Thiswillallowforthebetter management, protection and eventual remediation of this important resource in terms of modern land use and current soil utilization. Today, soildegradation isamultifaceted problemofmining andindustrial activity,andin some places even uncontrolled municipal and industrial waste disposal. It is intensified by water and aeolian erosion due to climate change and has caught researchers’ attention more andmore.Moreintensiveland useandtheexpansionofurban areasandtransportsystemsin Serbia have placed increased pressure on soil resources. Changes in agricultural soil man- agement have also led to the depletion of organic matter in soil, as well as soil acidification and in some places even soil salinization. In short, there is an urgent need for better soil protection to safeguard this important resource and its capacity to support food production in future times of climate change. The book contains 11 chapters that cover a variety of topics related to the comprehensive presentationofallthesoilsofSerbia.However,bearinginmindthefactorsthatinfluencethe occurrenceandformationofsoils,suchasrelief,climate,geologicalsubstrateandvegetation, considerable attention has been paid to the climatic, geological, mineralogical and vegetation characteristicsofSerbia.Partofthebookisalsodedicatedtotheevermoremarkedproblemof soil degradation due to various anthropogenic activities. The authors hope that this book’s contents will attract the interest of soil scientists, geol- ogists,ecologists,students,soilmanagersandstakeholders,andthatitwillbeofinteresttothe general public as well. We believe that this extensive book will contribute to the better understanding of the soil resources of Serbia, but will also be of use to an international professional audience as it is published in English. Belgrade, Serbia Pavle Pavlović Nikola Kostić Branko Karadžić Miroslava Mitrović Acknowledgements Thedatapresentedinthisbookincludepresent-dayresearchandalsothatcollectedduringthe second half of the twentieth century, which led to the publication of the Soil Map of Serbia. Therefore, cordial thanks goes to all those scientists from Serbia and the former Yugoslavia whohaveworkedinthisfieldoverthelasttwocenturiesandcontributedgreatlytoknowledge on processes in soils, soil classification and soil mapping in Serbia, beginning with the first 1:3,500,000 Soil Map of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the first Serbian national soil classification system by Prof. A. Stebut in 1926. Now the book has been completed, we should expressour gratitude to all those who have contributedatanypoint,fromthemomenttheideatowritethisbookwasbornrightuptothe final phases of this demanding project, including publication. We would like to thank the series editor, Dr. Alfred E. Hartemink, who has initiated an excellent series of books entitled the World Soils Book Series. Likewise, our thanks go to Dr. Elodie Tronche, assistant editor of Springer Verlag (Dordrecht, the Netherlands), for her great patience and welcome support during this project. We would also like to thank the Springer project coordinators for their help during the final stage of editing this book. Weoweadebtofgratitudetoourcolleaguesfromthoseinstitutionsconcernedwithvarious aspects of soil science: the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU), the Institute for SoilScienceinBelgrade,theFacultyofAgriculture(theUniversity ofBelgrade),theFaculty of Forestry (the University of Belgrade), the Faculty of Agriculture (the University of Novi Sad), the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, the Institute for Biological Research‘SinišaStanković’(theUniversityofBelgrade),theFacultyofMiningandGeology (theUniversityofBelgrade),theFacultyofBiology(theUniversityofBelgrade),theInstitute of Forestry in Belgrade and the Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment in Novi Sad. The results of their research contributed significantly to the writing of certain chapters in this book. Furthermore, we are grateful that the data used in this book were made available to us by state institutions of the Republic of Serbia: the Government of the Republic of Serbia, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency, the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Privatization Agency of the Republic of Serbia. Specialgratitudegoestoourcolleagues: Dr.V.Mrvić,Dr.G.Antonović,Dr.D.Čakmak, Dr.V.Perović,Dr.S.Maksimović,Dr.E.SaljnikovandM.Nikoloski,whoprovideddatafor the map of Serbian soils. The Soil Map was presented by Dr. Mrvić et al. (2013) at the 1st International Congress and XIII Congress of Soil Science, held in Belgrade in 2013. We express our thanks to Dr. Snežana Belanović, Dr. Olga Kostić and Dr. Jovica Vasin, who were of great assistance in the compilation of certain sections of this publication. vii viii Acknowledgements We are also very grateful to all our colleagues from the Institute of Biological Research ‘SinišaStanković’,inparticularDr.M.Paunović,whoprovideduswithinvaluablehelpwith the graphical maintenance usedin this book and useful assistance by providing thedatabases we needed during this project. Belgrade, Serbia Pavle Pavlović December 2016 Nikola Kostić Branko Karadžić Miroslava Mitrović Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 General Information Regarding Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Geographic Position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.3 Hydrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.4 Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2 A Short History of Soil Science and Soil Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 Soils as Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1 Soil Types and Their Production Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2 Soil Under Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2 Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4 Vegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1 Forest Vegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.2 Scrub Vegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.3 Herbaceous Vegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5 Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5.1 Geomorphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5.1.1 Dinarides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5.1.2 Vardar Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.1.3 Serbian Massif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.1.4 Carpatho-Balkanides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.1.5 Pannonian Basin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.2 Lithology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.2.1 The Pannonian Basin and Peripannonian Rim Region . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.2.2 The Mountainous Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.3 Soil Mineralogy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6 Soil Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.1 A Historical Overview of Soil Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.2 Soil Map Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 6.3 Actual Soil Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 ix
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