The Soils of Antarctica PDF
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World Soils Book Series James G. Bockheim Editor The Soils of Antarctica World Soils Book Series Series editor Prof. Alfred E. Hartemink Department of Soil Science, FD Hole Soils Laboratory University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison USA Aims and Scope TheWorldSoilsBookSeriesbringstogethersoilinformationandsoilknowledgeofaparticular country in a concise and reader-friendly way. The books include sections on soil research history, geomorphology, major soil types, soil maps, soil properties, soil classification, soil fertility, land use and vegetation, soil management, and soils andhumans. International Union of Soil Sciences More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8915 James G. Bockheim Editor The Soils of Antarctica 123 Editor James G.Bockheim Soil ScienceDepartment University of Wisconsin Madison,WI USA ISSN 2211-1255 ISSN 2211-1263 (electronic) World Soils BookSeries ISBN978-3-319-05496-4 ISBN978-3-319-05497-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05497-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015937950 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) Preface Soils have been studied in Antarctica for nearly 100 years. The first soils study in Antarctica wasbyJensen (1916)who analyzedsoilsamplescollectedduringthe1907–1909Shackleton expedition.ItisofinterestthatnosoilsinvestigationswereundertakeninAntarcticaduringthe International Geophysical Year in 1957. However, in 1959 a New Zealand field party that includedJ.D.McCrawandG.G.C.ClaridgewenttoAntarcticawiththeintentionofpreparing a soil map of the Ross Dependency, an area claimed by New Zealand that includes much oftheTransantarcticMountains.Inthe1960s,F.C.Ugoliniexaminedtheroleofbiotainsoil- forming in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Edited by J.C.F. Tedrow, Antarctic Soils and Soil FormingProcesseswaspublishedbytheAmericanGeophysicalUnionin1966aspartofthe Antarctic Research Series. During1964to1999,G.G.C.ClaridgeandI.B.Campbellspent15fieldseasonstogetherin Antarctica describing and sampling over 900 pedons. In 1987 they published Antarctica: Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment, which provided detailed information on soil- formingfactors,weathering,soildistribution,glacialhistory,classification,andenvironmental considerations. This book has remained the key reference to Antarctic soils over the past 27 years. Satellite imagery has shown that only 0.35 % (45,000 km2) of Antarctica is ice-free. The presentbookwasinitiatedasaresult ofthelarge proportion(93%) ofliterature onAntarctic soils that has been generated since the mid-1980s, particularly in ice-free regions for which soils data wereunavailable.The bookwas prepared atthe request ofA.E. Hartemink,who is coordinating Springer’s World Soils Book Series. This book divides Antarctica into 12 ice- freeregionsandsubregions.Althoughthechaptersvaryinstructure,theygenerallyincludean introduction reviewing the literature and a description of the ice-free region. The results section presents soil maps, where they are available, a description of soil-map units and analytical soil properties. The discussion includes the soil-forming factors and soil-forming processes. We have used Soil Taxonomy as the basic scheme for soil classification. The final three chapters deal with management and climate change impacts on Antarctic soils and a summary of the distribution of soil taxa in Antarctica. This book is intended to complement Campbell and Claridge’s Antarctica: Soils, Weath- ering Processes and Environment and to contribute to our understanding of the global dis- tribution of soils. v Contents 1 Soils of Antarctica: History and Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 James G. Bockheim 2 Soil-Forming Factors in Antarctica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 James G. Bockheim 3 Soils of Queen Maud Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Elya P. Zazovskaya, Dmitriy G. Fedorov-Davydov, Tatyana V. Alekseeva, and Maria I. Dergacheva 4 Soils of Enderby Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Andrey V. Dolgikh, Nikita S. Mergelov, Andrey A. Abramov, Alexey V. Lupachev, and Sergey V. Goryachkin 5 Soils of MacRobertson Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Nikita S. Mergelov, Dmitry E. Konyushkov, Alexey V. Lupachev, and Sergey V. Goryachkin 6 Soils of Wilkes Land (The Windmill Islands). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Hans-Peter Blume and Manfred Bölter 7 Soils of North Victoria Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 James G. Bockheim 8 Soils of Central Victoria Land, the McMurdo Dry Valleys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 James G. Bockheim and Malcolm McLeod 9 Soils of Southern Victoria Land, the Southern Transantarctic Mountains. . . 149 James G. Bockheim and Malcolm McLeod 10 Soils of Ellsworth Land, the Ellsworth Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 James G. Bockheim and Carlos E.G.R. Schaefer 11 Soils of Marie Byrd Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Alexey V. Lupachev, Evgeniy V. Abakumov, Andrey A. Abramov, Sergey V. Goryachkin, and David A. Gilichinsky 12 Soils of Graham and Palmer Lands, Antarctic Peninsula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Nicholas Haus, Carlos E.G.R. Schaefer, James Bockheim, and Thiago Torres C. Pereira vii viii Contents 13 Soils of the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands, Antarctica . . . . . . . . 227 Felipe N.B. Simas, Carlos E.G.R. Schaefer, Roberto F.M. Michel, Marcio R. Francelino, and James G. Bockheim 14 Soils of the Weddell Sea Sector, Antarctica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Carlos E.G.R. Schaefer, Katia Karoline Delpupo Souza, Felipe N.B. Simas, Davi Gjorup, and James G. Bockheim 15 Human Impacts on Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 T.A. O’Neill, J. Aislabie, and M.R. Balks 16 Antarctic Soils and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 James G. Bockheim 17 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 James G. Bockheim Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Editor and Contributors About the Editor JamesG.BockheimisaprofessorofSoilScience,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison.Hehas spent 19 field seasons in Antarctica, including Victoria Land, Ellsworth Land and the Antarctic Peninsula. He has over 80 refereed publications on soils of Antarctica. About the Contributors EvgenyAbakumovPh.D.DoctorofScience(Biology)isalecturerandprincipalinvestigator intheDepartmentofAppliedEcology,BiologicalFaculty,Saint-PetersburgState University. He participated in the 53rd (2008), 55th (2010), and 59th (2014) Russian Antarctic Expedi- tions and the 19th (2014) Ukranian Antarctic expedition. He is the author of 40 scientific publications,fivemonographs,andtwohandbooks.Heisaspecialistonsoilorganicmatterin polar regions. Andrey Abramov Ph.D. is a researcher in the Institute of Physico-chemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences. He has spent two seasons in Antarctica,4intheArcticlowlands,and11seasonsonKamchatkavolcanoes.Hismaintopic is the thermal state of permafrost. Jackie Aislabie is a soil microbial ecologist. She is Science Team Leader for the Soils and LandscapeteamwithinLandcareResearchbasedinHamiltonNewZealand.Shereceivedher Ph.D. from the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. She has been working in Ant- arctica since 1995 and has published on the impacts offuel spills on Antarctic soil microbial diversityandtheuseofbioremediationforclean-upofAntarcticsoils.Recently,shehasbeen investigating the relationship between soil type and soil bacterial diversity in the Wright Valley using a combination of molecular and culturing methods. Tatiana V. Alekseeva Ph.D. in Biogeochemistry, is a leading researcher in the laboratory of Geochemistry and Soil Mineralogy IPCBPSS RAS. She is the author of about 120 publica- tions (papers, book chapters, and a book). Her main research field is soil mineralogy, par- ticularly—clay mineralogy; mineral weathering and “mineral”—“soil organic matter” interactions, the effect of these interactions on organic matter preservation in soils and pa- leosols (including Paleozoic ones). MeganBalksteachesSoil,Earth,andEnvironmentalSciencesattheUniversityofWaikatoin New Zealand. Megan was brought up on a remote hill country sheep farm and studied Soil ScienceatMasseyUniversity.Sheworkedforseveralyearsundertakingsoilsurveyworkfor irrigation development, then completed her Ph.D. on effects of effluent irrigation on soil ix x EditorandContributors physical properties. Megan has been involved in Antarctic Soil Research since 1990 and has undertaken 18 Antarctic field expeditions. Hans-PeterBlumewasborninMagdeburg,Germany;1940–1955school-timeinSchleswig- Holstein; 1953–1955 Research work on a farm; 1955–1961 studies in agriculture and chemistry, 1958 diploma in Agriculture, 1961 Ph.D. in Soils Science, all in Kiel; 1961–1970 Assistant to Prof. Ernst Schlichting, University Stuttgart-Hohenheim; 1967 Habilitation work on Stagnosols; 1971–1981 Full Professor for Soil Science Technical University Berlin; Research work on soils of Cities and the Sahara Desert in Libya and Egypt, 1982–1998 Full Professor in Kiel; 1988–1998 Director Research Centre in Büsum with studies of wetland soils; Ecological studies of representative landscapes together with biologists, geographers, climatologists;ResearchworkinSweden,Sudan,India,Bangladesh,Brazil,Antarctica;1994– 1997 President of the German Society of Soil Science. JamesG.BockheimisaprofessorofSoilScience,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison.Hehas spent 19 field seasons in Antarctica, including Victoria Land, Ellsworth Land and the Ant- arctic Peninsula. He has over 80 refereed publications on soils of Antarctica. Manfred Bölter studied Microbiology, Chemistry, and Zoology at Kiel University, with a Diploma in Biology (1973), a Ph.D. in Microbiology (1976), and a Habilitation in microbi- ology in 1993. He was employed at the Institute for Marine Science in Kiel until 1982 in projects of marine nutrient cycles in tropical, temperate, and polar marine ecosystems. Since 1983hehasbeenaresearch scientistattheInstitutefor PolarEcology atKielUniversityand changed his research focus to terrestrial polar ecosystems in the Arctic and Antarctic with expeditionstoCanadaandRussiaandResearchStationsintheAntarctic(Arctowski,Casey). He was Associate Professor at the Institute for Polar Ecology and from 2009–2013 its Director; he retired in 2014. Maria Dergacheva Doctor of Biological Sciences, Prof. M. Dergacheva worked at the NovosibirskInstituteofSoilScienceandAgrochemistryoftheSiberianBranchoftheRussian Academy of Sciences. Her investigations have yielded more than 300 scientific publications, including 17 monographs. Her specialty is soil organic matter. Andrey Dolgikh Ph.D. is research associate at the Laboratory of Soil Geography and Evo- lution in the Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, since 2010. He partici- patedinthe57th(2012)and58th(2013)RussianAntarcticExpeditions.Heistheauthorand coauthorof20scientificpublications.Hismainresearchtopicsincludesoilgenesis,evolution, and soil geography. MarcioR.FrancelinoiscurrentlyprofessorattheFederalUniversityofRuralRiodeJaneiro, Brazil.Heobtainedhisbachelor’sdegreeattheFederalUniversityofRuralSemi-Aridregions andhisM.S.andPh.D.inSoilsandPlantNutritionattheFederalUniversityofViçosa.Hehas spent eight field seasons in Antarctica and has 15 publications, four dealing with Antarctica. Dmitry G. Fyodorov-Davydov is a leading researcher of the Soil Cryology Laboratory IPCBPSS RAS. He spent six field seasons in Antarctica—two in Dry Valleys in the early 1990sandthelastfourseasonsatNovolazarevskayastation(SchirmacherOasis,QueenMaud Land). His main scientific interestsin Antarctica include monitoring ofthe active-layerdepth and seasonal and interannual dynamics of soil temperature and moisture regimes. DavidA.GilichinskyheadedtheSoilCryologyLaboratoryIPCBPSSRASformorethan25 years before his untimely death in February 2012. He was an outstanding scientist with researchinterestscoveringmany areas, including soil cryology andpermafrost microbiology. He has authored more than 150 publications in refereed journals. His former students and colleagues continue the study of Antarctic soils and permafrost.
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