The Sociology of War and Peace PDF
Preview The Sociology of War and Peace
EXPLORATIONS IN SOCIOLOGY British Sociological Association conference volume series Sami Zubaida (editor) Race and Racism Richard Brown (editor) 2 Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change Paul Rock and Mary Mcintosh (editors) 3 Deviance and Social Control Emanuel de Kadt and Gavin Williams 4 Sociology and Development (editors) Frank Parkin (editor) 5 The Social Analysis of Class Structure Diana Leonard Barker and Sheila Allen 6 Sexual Divisions and Society: (editors) Process and Change Diana Leonard Barker and Sheila Allen 7 Dependence and Exploitation in (editors) Work and Marriage Richard Sease (editor) 8 Industrial Society: Class, Cleavage and Control Robert Dingwall, Christian Heath, 9 Health Care and Health Knowledge Margaret Reid and Margaret Stacey (editors) Robert Dingwall, Christian Heath, 10 Health and the Division of Labour Margaret Reid and Margaret Stacey (editors) Gary Littlejohn, Barry Smart, John 11 Power and the State Wakeford and Nira Yuval-Davis (editors) Michele Barrett, Philip Corrigan, 12 Ideology and Cultural Production Annette Kuhn and Janet Wolff (editors) Bob Fryer, Alan Hunt, Doreen 13 Law, State and Society MacBarnet and Bert Moorhouse (editors) Philip Abrams, Rosemary Deem, Janet 14 Practice and Progress: British Finch and Paul Rock (editors) Sociology 1950-80 Graham Day, Lesley Caldwell, Karen 15 Diversity and Decomposition in the Jones, David Robbins and Hilary Rose Labour Market (editors) David Robbins, Lesley Caldwell, 16 Rethinking Social Inequality Graham Day, Karen Jones and Hilary Rose (editors) Eva Gamarnikow, David Morgan, June 17 The Public and the Private Purvis and Daphne Taylorson (editors) Eva Gamarnikow, David Morgan, June 18 Gender, Class and Work Purvis and Daphne Taylorson (editors) * Gareth Rees, Janet Bujra, Paul 19 Political Action and Social Identity: Littlewood, Howard Newby and Teresa Class, Locality and Ideology L. Rees (editor) *Howard Newby, Janet Bujra, Paul 20 Restructuring Capital: Recession Littlewood, Gareth Rees, Teresa L. and Reorganization in Industrial Rees (editors) Society * Sheila Allen, Alan Waton, Kate Purcell 21 The Experience of Unemployment and Stephen Wood (editors) * Kate Purcell, Stephen Wood, Alan 22 The Changing Experience of Waton and Sheila Allen (editors) Employment: Restructuring and Recession * Jalna Hanmer and 23 Women, Violence and Mary Maynard (editors) Social Control * Colin Creighton and Martin 24 The Sociology of War Shaw (editors) and Peace * Alan Bryman, Bill Bytheway, Patricia 25 Rethinking the Life Cycle All ott and Teresa Keil (editors) * Patricia Allott, Teresa Keil, Alan 26 Women and the Life Cycle Bryman and Bill Bytheway (editors) * Published by Macmillan Series Standin1 Order If you would like to receive future titles in this series as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. To place a standing order please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address and the name of the series. Please state with which title you wish to begin your standing order. (If you live outside the UK we may not have the rights for your area, in which case we will forward your order to the publisher concerned.) Standing Order Service, Macmillan Distribution Ud, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG212XS, England. The Sociology of War and Peace Edited by Colin Creighton and Martin Shaw Lecturers in Sociology, University of Hull M MACMILLAN PRESS © British Sociological Association 1987 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1987 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Typeset by Wessex Typesetters (A Division of Eastern Press Ltd) Frome, Somerset British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Sociology of war and peace.-(Explorations in sociology; 24) 1. Pacificism 2. War and society I. Creighton, Colin II. Shaw, Martin III. Series 303.6'6 JX1938 ISBN 978-0-333-41839-0 ISBN 978-1-349-18640-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-18640-2 Contents Acknowledgements VII Notes on the contributors viii Introduction 1 Martin Shaw and Colin Creighton PART I THE SOCIOLOGY OF WAR 1 Violence, Peace and War in 'Early' Human Society: The Case of the Eskimo 17 David Riches 2 War and the Rise of the West 37 John A. Hall 3 War and Social Theory: 54 Into Battle with Classes, Nations and States Michael Mann 4 Hi-Tech Armaments, Space Militarisation and 73 the Third World Paul W. Haag PART II MILITARISM, THE STATE AND SOCIAL CHANGE 5 Militarisation and the South African State 99 Mark Mitchell and Dave Russell 6 Israel: Conflict, War and Social Change 121 A vishai Ehrlich 7 The Rise and Fall of the Military-Democratic State: 143 Britain 1940-85 Martin Shaw 8 The People's War and the People's Theatre: 159 British Socialist Theatre 1939-45 Don Watson v VI Contents 9 What did you do in the War, Mam? Women Steelworkers at the Consett Iron Company during the Second World War 178 Kath Price PART III THE SOCIOLOGY OF PEACE MOVEMENTS 10 The Sociology of CND 199 John Mattausch 11 Activists for Peace: The Social Basis of a Local Peace Movement 218 Graham Day and David Robbins Index 237 Acknowledgements This book is one of two based on papers offered at the 1985 conference of the British Sociological Association, held at the University of Hull on the theme, 'War, Violence and Social Change'. It would not have been possible without the efforts of our co-organisers, Jalna Hanmer and Mary Maynard, who also helped to select the papers for this volume, and of the BSA officers, Anne Dix and Mike Milotte. Equally essential at all stages was the secretarial support we received, from Melanie Bucknell, Stella Rhind and Pat Wilkinson. We would like to thank all of them, together with all the delegates who took part in the discussions which led to this book. COLIN CREIGHTON Hull MARTIN SHAW vii Notes on the Contributors Colin Creighton and Martin Shaw are Lecturers m Sociology, University of Hull. Graham Day is Lecturer in Sociology, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. David Robbins was Lecturer in Sociology, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, until his tragic death in a climbing accident in 1986. Avishai Ehrlich is Lecturer in Sociology, University of Tel Aviv. John A. Hall is Senior Lecturer in Sociology, University of Southampton. Paul W. Hoag is a Research Associate at Wichita State University, Kansas, USA, and chair of the annual scholarly program of the Union for Radical Political Economics. Michael Mann is Reader in Sociology, London School of Economics and Political Science. John Mattausch is a postgraduate student in sociology, University of Edinburgh. Mark Mitchell and Dave Russell are Senior Lecturers in Sociology, Portsmouth Polytechnic. Kath Price is a Tutor with the Open University, Northern Region. David Riches is Lecturer in Social Anthropology, University of St Andrews. Don Watson is Research Officer with the Coronary Prevention Group, London. Vlll Introduction Martin Shaw and Colin Creighton It has been customary, among the relatively small band of sociologists who have started to write about war and peace, to open almost any article by bemoaning the absence of these issues in our discipline. When the British Sociological Association decided to hold its 1985 Conference on the theme, 'War, Violence and Social Change', there was some doubt as to whether the volume of ongoing work - in a field which hardly existed in British sociology before the present decade - was sufficient to justify devoting a major national event to it. One contributor, who has since published an expanded version of his paper elsewhere, took up the familiar refrain of sociology's 'neglect and betrayal' in its treatment of violence and war (Marsland, 1985). And yet, while the Conference certainly called forth important work on other forms of social violence - particularly, as will be seen from the companion volume edited by Jalna Hanmer and Mary Maynard, on Gender and Violence - it also proved a landmark in the reinstatement of the central issues of war and peace in British sociology. This book will show, we hope, the vitality of the discipline, and something of the range of work being produced by both established writers and younger researchers. With this volume, it should be possible to end the complaint of neglect, and to begin to mark out the substantive areas of concern to which the 'sociology of war and peace' is devoting itself. The emerging sociological approach to war and peace (at this stage we can still talk of a broad common area of interest, even if there are divergences as there must always be in the social sciences) can partly be defined by contrasting it with those from other disciplines. A large part of the field is occupied by subjects which are fairly closely allied to military practice. Strategic and defence studies are typically quite narrowly concerned with political, institutional and technical problems; while military history is often more interesting because at its best it shows an ability to bring together social and political with military knowledge. A smaller corner is contested by peace studies, which in part is a kind of defence-studies-in-reverse. Although also concerned with the wider 1
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