Table Of Content

SCIENCE CAN BE USED TO BUILD A BETTER WORLD LOCAL PERSPECTIVES SOME COMMIT CRIMES BECAUSE THEY ARE RESPONDING TO A SOCIAL SITUATION THE MARRIAGE MODERN CONTRACT IS A IDENTITIES ARE BEING WORK CONTRACT DECENTERED THE GENDER IS AN IMITATION FOR WHICH SOCIOLOGY THERE IS NO ORIGINAL CONSUMPTION OF VALUABLE GOODS IS A MEANS OF BOOK REPUTABILITY TO THE GENTLEMAN BIG IDEAS SIMPLY EXPLAINED W OBAL CITIES B STRATEGIC SITES NEW TYPES OF PERATIONS ABANDON ALL A RELIGION IS THE HOPE OF TOTALITY, SIGH OF THE OPPRESSED SENSE YOU WHO ENTER CREATURE TECHNOLOGY, LIKE ART, OF ONE’S THE WORLD OF IS A SOARING EXERCISE OF PLACE FLUID MODERNITY THE HUMAN IMAGINATION THE SOCIOLOGY BOOK THE SOCIOLOGY BOOK DK LONDON JACKET DESIGN First American Edition, 2015 DEVELOPMENT MANAGER Published in the United States by SENIOR EDITOR Sophia Tampakopoulos DK Publishing Sam Atkinson 345 Hudson Street SENIOR PRODUCER, New York, New York 10014 SENIOR ART EDITOR PRE-PRODUCTION Amy Child Copyright © 2015 Luca Frassinetti Dorling Kindersley Limited EDITORS A Penguin Random House Company Alexandra Beeden SENIOR PRODUCER 15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Gemma Sharpe 001—282934—July/2015 Miezan van Zyl All rights reserved. US EDITORS ILLUSTRATIONS Without limiting the rights under the Christy Lusiak and Margaret Parrish James Graham copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or MANAGING EDITOR introduced into a retrieval system, or DK DELHI Esther Ripley transmitted, in any form, or by any means JACKET DESIGNER (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, MANAGING ART EDITOR Dhirendra Singh recording, or otherwise), without the prior Karen Self written permission of the copyright owner. SENIOR DTP DESIGNER PUBLISHER Published in Great Britain by Harish Aggarwal Dorling Kindersley Limited. Liz Wheeler MANAGING JACKETS EDITOR A catalog record for this book is available ART DIRECTOR Saloni Singh from the Library of Congress. Phil Ormerod ISBN: 978-1-4654-3650-4 original styling by ASSOCIATE STUDIO8 DESIGN DK books are available at special discounts PUBLISHING DIRECTOR when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, Liz Wheeler premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. produced for DK by For details, contact: DK Publishing Special PUBLISHING DIRECTOR COBALT ID Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, Jonathan Metcalf New York 10014 [email protected] ART EDITORS JACKET DESIGNER Darren Bland, Paul Reid Printed and bound in China by Laura Brim Leo Paper Products Ltd. EDITORS JACKET EDITOR A WORLD OF IDEAS: Claire Gell Diana Loxley, Marek Walisiewicz, SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW Christopher Westhorp www.dk.com CONTRIBUTORS CHRISTOPHER THORPE, CONSULTANT EDITOR MEGAN TODD Our co-consultant and contributor Christopher Thorpe is a A senior lecturer in social science at the University of Central sociologist with an interest in social theory, cultural sociology, Lancashire, England, Megan Todd has a doctorate in sociology and British representations of Italy. He has a doctorate in sociology from the University of Newcastle, England. Her research interests from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, and is coeditor of the include gender, sexuality, and violence. She has contributed journal Cultural Sociology, author of several academic articles, and chapters on intimacies and violence in various publications and coauthor of An Invitation to Social Theory (2012). is currently writing a textbook on sexualities. CHRIS YUILL, CONSULTANT EDITOR SARAH TOMLEY Our co-consultant and contributor Chris Yuill is a sociologist and A writer, editor, and psychotherapist, Sarah Tomley has lecturer at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland. His contributed to many books on the social sciences, including The interests include the social dimensions of health, both in the Philosophy Book (2011) and The Psychology Book (2012) in DK’s community and the workplace, and what makes for a successful Big Ideas series. urban space. He is a former committee member of The British Sociological Association and has written several books, including MARCUS WEEKS Understanding the Sociology of Health: An Introduction (2011) A writer and musician, Marcus Weeks studied philosophy and MITCHELL HOBBS worked as a teacher before embarking on a career as an author. He has contributed to many books on the arts and popular sciences, A lecturer in the department of media and communications at the including various titles in DK’s Big Ideas series. University of Sydney, Australia, Mitchell Hobbs has a doctorate in media sociology from the University of Newcastle, Australia. He is coauthor of Communication, New Media and Everyday Life (2011); author of several national and international studies on global media, cultural flows, and political communication; and has worked in a communications role for former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard. 6 CONTENTS 10 INTRODUCTION SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF INEQUALITIES SOCIOLOGY 66 I broadly accuse the bourgeoisie of social 20 A physical defeat has murder Friedrich Engels never marked the end of a nation Ibn Khaldun 68 The problem of the 20th century is the problem 21 Mankind have always of the color line wandered or settled, W.E.B. DuBois agreed or quarreled, 32 Gemeinschaft and in troops and companies Gesellschaft 74 The poor are excluded Adam Ferguson Ferdinand Tönnies from the ordinary living patterns, customs, and 22 Science can be used to 34 Society, like the human activities of life build a better world body, has interrelated Peter Townsend Auguste Comte parts, needs, and functions Émile Durkheim 75 There ain’t no black 26 The Declaration of in the Union Jack Independence bears 38 The iron cage of Paul Gilroy no relation to half the rationality Max Weber human race 76 A sense of one’s place Harriet Martineau 46 Many personal troubles Pierre Bourdieu must be understood in 28 The fall of the bourgeoisie terms of public issues 80 The Orient is the stage and the victory of the Charles Wright Mills on which the whole East proletariat are equally is confined Edward Said inevitable Karl Marx 50 Pay to the most commonplace activities 82 The ghetto is where the the attention accorded black people live extraordinary events Elijah Anderson Harold Garfinkel 84 The tools of freedom 52 Where there is power become the sources there is resistance of indignity Michel Foucault Richard Sennett 56 Gender is a kind of 88 Men’s interest in imitation for which patriarchy is condensed there is no original in hegemonic masculinity Judith Butler R.W. Connell 7 90 White women have been 150 No social justice without complicit in this global cognitive justice imperialist, white- Boaventura de Sousa Santos supremacist capitalist patriarchy bell hooks 152 The unleashing of productive capacity by 96 The concept of the power of the mind “patriarchy” is Manuel Castells indispensable for an analysis of gender 156 We are living in a inequality Sylvia Walby world that is beyond controllability Ulrich Beck 124 The bonds of our communities have 162 It sometimes seems as MODERN LIVING withered Robert D. Putnam if the whole world is on the move John Urry 126 Disneyization replaces 104 Strangers are not really mundane blandness with 163 Nations can be imagined conceived as individuals, spectacular experiences and constructed with but as strangers of a Alan Bryman relatively little historical particular type straw David McCrone Georg Simmel 128 Living in a loft is like living in a showcase 164 Global cities are strategic 106 The freedom to remake Sharon Zukin sites for new types of our cities and ourselves operations Saskia Sassen Henri Lefebvre 166 Different societies 108 There must be eyes on LIVING IN A GLOBAL appropriate the materials the street Jane Jacobs of modernity differently WORLD Arjun Appadurai 110 Only communication can communicate 170 Processes of change have Niklas Luhmann 136 Abandon all hope of altered the relations totality, you who enter between peoples and 112 Society should articulate the world of fluid communities what is good modernity David Held Amitai Etzioni Zygmunt Bauman 120 McDonaldization affects 144 The modern world- virtually every aspect of system society George Ritzer Immanuel Wallerstein 146 Global issues, local perspectives Roland Robertson 148 Climate change is a back-of-the-mind issue Anthony Giddens 8 196 We live in a world 232 Automation increases where there is the worker’s control more and more over his work process information, and less Robert Blauner and less meaning Jean Baudrillard 234 The Romantic ethic promotes the spirit 200 Modern identities are of consumerism being decentered Colin Campbell Stuart Hall 236 In processing people, 202 All communities are the product is a state imagined of mind Arlie Russell Benedict Anderson Hochschild CULTURE AND 204 Throughout the world, 244 Spontaneous consent culture has been combines with coercion IDENTITY doggedly pushing Michael Burawoy itself center stage Jeffrey Alexander 246 Things make us just as 176 The “I” and the “me” much as we make things G.H. Mead Daniel Miller 178 The challenge of WORK AND 248 Feminization has had modernity is to live only a modest impact CONSUMERISM without illusions and on reducing gender without becoming inequalities disillusioned Teri Lynn Caraway Antonio Gramsci 214 Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a 180 The civilizing process is means of reputability constantly moving to the gentleman “forward” Norbert Elias of leisure Thorstein Veblen 182 Mass culture reinforces political repression 220 The Puritan wanted to Herbert Marcuse work in a calling; we are forced to do so 188 The danger of the future Max Weber is that men may become robots Erich Fromm 224 Technology, like art, is a soaring exercise of the 189 Culture is ordinary human imagination Raymond Williams Daniel Bell 190 Stigma refers to an 226 The more sophisticated attribute that is deeply machines become, the discrediting less skill the worker has Erving Goffman Harry Braverman