THE SOCIAL LIFE OF INFORMATION John Seely Brown Paul Duguid T H E S O CI A L L I F E OF I N F OR M AT ION Updated, with a New Preface New Introduction by David Weinberger harvard business review press Boston, Massachusetts HBR Press Quantity Sales Discounts Harvard Business Review Press titles are available at signifi cant quantity dis- counts when purchased in bulk for client gifts, sales promotions, and premiums. Special editions, including books with corporate logos, customized covers, and letters from the company or CEO printed in the front matter, as well as excerpts of existing books, can also be created in large quantities for special needs. For details and discount information for both print and ebook formats, contact [email protected], tel. 800-988-0886, or www.hbr.org/bulksales. Copyright 2017 Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of the publisher. Requests for permission should be directed to [email protected], or mailed to Permissions, Harvard Business School Publishing, 60 Harvard Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02163. The web addresses referenced in this book were live and correct at the time of the book’s publication but may be subject to change. “Not Waving But Drowning” by Stevie Smith, from Collected Poems of Stevie Smith. Reprinted with the permission of New Directions and Faber & Faber. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is forthcoming. eISBN: 9781633692428 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Li braries and Archives Z39.48-1992. For Susan and Laura Contents Authors’ Preface to the New Edition: Reassessing the Social ix Introduction to New Edition by David Weinberger xxv P reface to the 2002 Edition: Looking Around xxxi Acknowledgments xlv Introduction to the Original Edition: Tunneling Ahead 1 1. Limits to Information 11 2 . Agents and Angels 33 3 . Home Alone 59 4 . Practice Makes Process 85 5 . Learning—In Theory and in Practice 109 6 . Innovating Organization, Husbanding Knowledge 137 7 . Reading the Background 161 8. Re-education 193 Afterword: Beyond Information 225 Notes 235 Bibliography 259 Index 269 About the Authors 283 Authors’ Preface to the New Edition Reassessing the Social The constant change everyone must live with today makes looking back at something written over fi fteen years ago a daunting task. Turning back to a book like T he Social Life of Information , which tried to take a snapshot in 2000 of the continuous revolution that is the “age of information,” feels particularly challenging. To intensify our anxiety, we are aware that our revisiting this book coincides with the far more signifi cant fi ftieth anniversary of “Moore’s Law.” 1 Gordon Moore’s remarkably accurate prediction that the power of computer processing would double roughly every couple of years draws atten- tion to the digital drivers of the age’s ever-changing character. The endurance of that law challenges the endurance of almost any other pronouncements, such as ours. Hence, we could almost feel Moore looking over our shoulders as we fl icked back through our book to write this new preface at the end of 2015. We can perhaps take some odd consolation from the title. When we were approaching publication and said that we planned to call the book The Social Life of Information , most people looked at us with incredulity. What on earth, the general reaction in the 1990s tended to be, has “social” got to do with “information”? Perhaps a sign of Moore-driven change, fi fteen years later it would be hard to talk for long about information without turning to questions about social media, social technology, social networks, and the transformations brought to social life through Facebook, Twitter, and dozens of other well-known social systems. While we are delighted that discussions