The Social History of Achaemenid Phoenicia: Being a Phoenician, Negotiating Empires

287 Pages·2014·3.484 MB·English

by  Vadim S. Jigoulov

The Social History of Achaemenid Phoenicia
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THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF
ACHAEMENID PHOENICIA
Being a Phoenician, Negotiating Empires
Vadim S. Jigoulov
First published 2010 by Equinox, an imprint of Acumen
Published 2014 by Routledge
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© Vadim S. Jigoulov 2010
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978 -1-84553-331-1 (hbk)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The social history of Achaemenid Phoenicia : being a Phoenician, negotiating empires /
Vadim S. Jigoulov.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 978-1-84553-331-1 (hb) 1. Phoenicia—Historiography. 2. Phoenicia—Civilization.
3. Achaemenid dynasty, 559-330 B.C. I. Title.
DS81.J54 2010
939'.4403—dc22
2009021299
Typeset by S.J.I. Services, New Delhi
CONTENTS
List of illustrations vii
List of tables ix
Preface x
Introduction 1
1 Politics of Reverence and Contempt: Achaemenid
Phoenicia in Classical Texts 7
2 Listening to Indigenous Voices: The Achaemenid-
period Phoenician Epigraphic Sources 39
3 Getting with the Program: Achaemenid Phoenicia
through Numismatics 71
4 Patterns of Continuity and Change: Achaemenid
Phoenicia through Material Remains 113
5 The Phoenician City-states of Tyre and Sidon in
Ancient Jewish Texts: Reflections of History 132
6 A Social History of Achaemenid Phoenicia: A
Summary and a Proposal 162
Appendix A 175
Appendix B 179
Notes 203
References 227
Index 267
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1.1 Phoenician coast according to Pseudo-Scylax’ Periplus §104 31
2.1 Map of Phoenicia 42
2.2 Stele of Yehawmilk, King of Byblos 45
2.3 Anthropoid sarcophagus of King Tabnit 51
3.1 Lion and bull symplegma on the Apadana at Persepolis 81
3.2 The chariot scene on the Persepolis Fortification Seal 96 88
3.3 A Cypriot-Phoenician bowl from Praeneste with an image
of the King in a chariot 88
3.4 A seal from Pasargadae featuring a Hero engaged in combat
with a lion 89
3.5 Representation of the Heroic Encounter on the Persepolis
Fortification Seals (PFS164*, 9*, 16*) 90
3.6 A representation of the Combat Encounter on the Persepolis
Fortification Seal PFS 57* 90
3.7 The archer image on the Persepolis Fortification Seals PFS
35*, 78, 175 91
3.8 The archer image on Persian royal coinage 92
3.9 Samarian coinage with the King fighting a lion 94
3.10 Samarian coinage with the archer 95
3.11 Philistian coinage with the image of Heroic Encounter 96
4.1 Clay “Bes” vase from Dor 116
4.2 “Pillar and rubble” (“pier and rubble”) construction from
a Persian-period site near Beirut 119
viii The Production of Prophecy
4.3 The “Sarcophagus of the Satrap” from Sidon 120
4.4 “Alexander Sarcophagus” from Sidon 121
5.1 Negative and positive portrayals of kings of northern
and southern kingdoms in Kings materials 151
5.2 Tyrian trade according to Ezek. 27:1-11 157
5.3 Phoenician (Tyrian?) expansion into the Mediterranean 158
A.1 Coinage from the cities of the Phoenician coast and Cyprus 175
B.1 The Phoenician sites in Syria of the Persian Period 181
B.2 A fragment from the “Sarcophagus of the Satrap” 189
B.3 A reconstruction of the temple of Tanit-Astarte in Sarepta 191
B.4 A reconstruction of the East Temple at Umm el-Amede 193
B.5 Plan of the eastern residential quarter of Tel Dor in the
Persian period 198
B.6 Plan of a residential quarter in Olynthus, Macedonia 198
B.7 Excavated Persian-period sites in Palestine 200
LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Satrapies and tribute according to Herodotus’
Histories 3.90-94 21
1.2 Subjects of the Great King according to Persian
royal inscriptions 22
1.3 Herodotus’ list of satrapies correlated with Greek,
Babylonian and Persepolis sources 23
3.1 Weight standards for ancient coins 75
4.1 Distribution of pottery from the cemeteries in
southern Lebanon 116
5.1 Changing sentiment towards Tyre and Sidon in
ancient Jewish texts 160