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The Social History of Achaemenid Phoenicia: Being a Phoenician, Negotiating Empires PDF

287 Pages·2014·3.484 MB·English
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The Social History of Achaemenid Phoenicia BibleWorld Series Editor: Philip R. Davies and James G. Crossley, University of Sheffield BibleWorld shares the fruits of modern (and postmodern) biblical scholarship not only among practitioners and students, but also with anyone interested in what academic study of the Bible means in the twenty-first century. It explores our ever-increasing knowledge and understanding of the social world that produced the biblical texts, but also analyses aspects of the bible’s role in the history of our civilization and the many perspectives – not just religious and theological, but also cultural, political and aesthetic – which drive modern biblical scholarship. Published: Sodomy: A History of a Christian Biblical Myth Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts: An Introduction Michael Carden to Approaches and Problems Yours Faithfully: Virtual Letters from the Bible Ian Young and Robert Rezetko Edited by Philip R. 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No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 13: 978 -1-84553-331-1 (hbk) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The social history of Achaemenid Phoenicia : being a Phoenician, negotiating empires / Vadim S. Jigoulov. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-1-84553-331-1 (hb) 1. Phoenicia—Historiography. 2. Phoenicia—Civilization. 3. Achaemenid dynasty, 559-330 B.C. I. Title. DS81.J54 2010 939'.4403—dc22 2009021299 Typeset by S.J.I. Services, New Delhi CONTENTS List of illustrations vii List of tables ix Preface x Introduction 1 1 Politics of Reverence and Contempt: Achaemenid Phoenicia in Classical Texts 7 2 Listening to Indigenous Voices: The Achaemenid- period Phoenician Epigraphic Sources 39 3 Getting with the Program: Achaemenid Phoenicia through Numismatics 71 4 Patterns of Continuity and Change: Achaemenid Phoenicia through Material Remains 113 5 The Phoenician City-states of Tyre and Sidon in Ancient Jewish Texts: Reflections of History 132 6 A Social History of Achaemenid Phoenicia: A Summary and a Proposal 162 Appendix A 175 Appendix B 179 Notes 203 References 227 Index 267 This page intentionally left blank LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Phoenician coast according to Pseudo-Scylax’ Periplus §104 31 2.1 Map of Phoenicia 42 2.2 Stele of Yehawmilk, King of Byblos 45 2.3 Anthropoid sarcophagus of King Tabnit 51 3.1 Lion and bull symplegma on the Apadana at Persepolis 81 3.2 The chariot scene on the Persepolis Fortification Seal 96 88 3.3 A Cypriot-Phoenician bowl from Praeneste with an image of the King in a chariot 88 3.4 A seal from Pasargadae featuring a Hero engaged in combat with a lion 89 3.5 Representation of the Heroic Encounter on the Persepolis Fortification Seals (PFS164*, 9*, 16*) 90 3.6 A representation of the Combat Encounter on the Persepolis Fortification Seal PFS 57* 90 3.7 The archer image on the Persepolis Fortification Seals PFS 35*, 78, 175 91 3.8 The archer image on Persian royal coinage 92 3.9 Samarian coinage with the King fighting a lion 94 3.10 Samarian coinage with the archer 95 3.11 Philistian coinage with the image of Heroic Encounter 96 4.1 Clay “Bes” vase from Dor 116 4.2 “Pillar and rubble” (“pier and rubble”) construction from a Persian-period site near Beirut 119 viii The Production of Prophecy 4.3 The “Sarcophagus of the Satrap” from Sidon 120 4.4 “Alexander Sarcophagus” from Sidon 121 5.1 Negative and positive portrayals of kings of northern and southern kingdoms in Kings materials 151 5.2 Tyrian trade according to Ezek. 27:1-11 157 5.3 Phoenician (Tyrian?) expansion into the Mediterranean 158 A.1 Coinage from the cities of the Phoenician coast and Cyprus 175 B.1 The Phoenician sites in Syria of the Persian Period 181 B.2 A fragment from the “Sarcophagus of the Satrap” 189 B.3 A reconstruction of the temple of Tanit-Astarte in Sarepta 191 B.4 A reconstruction of the East Temple at Umm el-Amede 193 B.5 Plan of the eastern residential quarter of Tel Dor in the Persian period 198 B.6 Plan of a residential quarter in Olynthus, Macedonia 198 B.7 Excavated Persian-period sites in Palestine 200 LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Satrapies and tribute according to Herodotus’ Histories 3.90-94 21 1.2 Subjects of the Great King according to Persian royal inscriptions 22 1.3 Herodotus’ list of satrapies correlated with Greek, Babylonian and Persepolis sources 23 3.1 Weight standards for ancient coins 75 4.1 Distribution of pottery from the cemeteries in southern Lebanon 116 5.1 Changing sentiment towards Tyre and Sidon in ancient Jewish texts 160

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