The Social Dimensions of Adjustment

196 Pages·2000·18.84 MB·English

by  World Bank Group

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SOCIALD IMENSIONSO F ADJUSTMENTIN SUB-SAHARANA FRICA
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The Social Dimensions of
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A Christiaan Grootaert
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P Bahjat Achikbache Christopher Hill
Louis-Marie Asselin James Otto
Lionel Demery Chris Scott
Jean-Luc Dubois
SDA Working Paper Series
EditorialB oard
Chairman
Ismail Serageldin
Director
Africa Technical Department
World Bank
Members
Ramesh Chander, Statistical Adviser, World Bank
Dennis de Tray, Research Administrator, World Bank
Yves Franchet, Director General, Statistical Office of the European
Communities
Ravi Kanbur, Editor of World Bank Economic Review and World
Bank Research Observer and Senior Adviser, SDA Unit, Africa
Technical Department, World Bank
Gabriel Kariisa, Chief Economist, African Development Bank
F. J. C. Klinkenberg, Director, Directorate General for Development,
Commission of European Communities
Jacques Loup, Coordinator of Assistance to Developing Countries,
United Nations Development Programme
E. M. Morris-Hughes, Women in Development Coordinator, Food
Security Unit, Africa Technical Department, World Bank
F. Stephen O'Brien, Chief Economist, Africa Region, World Bank
Graham Pyatt, Professor of Economics, University of Warwick
Paul P. Streeten, Director, World Development Institute, Boston
University
Victor E. Tokman, Director, Employment and Development
Department, Intemational Labour Office
R. van der Hoeven, Senior Adviser, United Nations Children's Fund
Editor
Michel Noel
Chief
Social Dimensions of Adjustment and Development Unit
Africa Technical Department
World Bank
Managing Editors
Marco Ferroni Christiaan Grootaert
Senior Economist, SDA Unit Senior Economist, SDA Unit
Africa Technical Department Africa Technical Department
WorldBank WorldBank
SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF ADJUSTMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
WORKING PAPER NO. 12
Sunrys and Statistics
The SocialD imensionso f Adjustment
Priority Survey
An Instrument for the Rapid Identification
and Monitoring of Policy TargetG roups
ChristiaanG rootaert
TimothyM archant
with contributionsf rom
BahjatA chikbache ChristopheHr ill
Louis-MarieA sselin JamesO tto
LionelD emery ChrisS cott
Jean-LucD ubois
Copyright 0 1991
The World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433,U .S.A.
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing February 1991
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent the views and policies of the World Bank or its Board of Executive Directors or the
countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this
publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use.
In order to present the results of research with the least possible delay, the manuscript has not been edited in
accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no
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The complete bacldist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publicationsw, hich
contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and
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The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433,U .S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank,
66 avenue d'Iena, 75116P aris, France.
ISSN 1014-739X
Christiaan Grootaert is senior economist and Timothy Marchant is senior economist/statistician both of the
SDA Unit in the Africa Technical Department of the World Bank.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Grootaert, C.
The social dinensions of adjustment priority survey: an
instrument for the rapid identification and monitoring of policy
target groups / Christiaan Grootaert, Timothy Marchant.
p. cm. - (Sociald imensions of adjustment in Sub-Saharan
Africa, ISSN 1014-739X;w orking paper no. 12. Surveys and
statistics)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8213-1720-2
1. Household surveys-Developing countries. L Marchant,
Timothy, 1944- . 11.T itle. m. Title: Priority survey.
IV. Series: Social dimensions of adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa;
working paper no. 12. V. Series: Social dimensions of adjustment in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Surveys and statistics.
HB849.49.M36 1990
001.4'2'0967-dc2O 90-22997
CIP
SDA WorkingP aperS eries
Foreword
Integrationofs ocialandpovertyconcemsinthestruc- economicc rsis in Africa on the one hand and the
tural adjustment process in Sub-SaharanA fica is a adjustmentr esponse on the other hand affectt he liv-
major driving force behind the design of the World ingc onditionso f people.E mpiricallym, ajori mprove-
Bank'sa djustmentl ending program in the Region.T o ments are needed in our knowledge of the social
further the goal,t he SocialD imensionso f Adjustment dimensionso f life in Africa, how they change, and
(SDA)P rojectw as launchedi n 1987,w ith the United whethera ll groups in societyp articipatee ffectivelyi n
Nations DevelopmentP rogramme and the African the process of economicd evelopment Gaining this
DevelopmentB anka s partners.S incet hen many other knowledgew ill demand new effortsi n data collection
multilaterala nd bilaterala genciesh ave supportedt he and policy oriented analysis of these data. Most im-
project financialy as well as with advice. The task portantly,p olicy actions are needed in the short term
presents a formidablec hallengeb ecauseo f the sever- to absorbu ndesirables ide-shockss temmingf romt he
ity of economica nd socialc onstraintsinAfricaa nd the adjustment process so that the poor and disadvan-
intrinsic difficulty of tracing the links between eco- taged are not unduly hurt, and in the long term to
nomic policiesa nd socialc onditionsa nd poverty.I t is ensuret hat these groupsf ully participatei n the newly
essentialt o have a continuous professionald ialogue generated growth. The SDA Project's mandate is to
between all concernedp arties, so that the best ideas operate, in a concerted way, in all three domains:
get discussed by the best minds, and become, as concepts,d ata, actions.T hisw orkingp aper seriesw ill
qiucldy as possible,a vailablef or implementationb y report progress and experiencei n all three areas. I
policymakers.T his is the aim of the SDA working encouragee very reader's active participation in the
paper series. series and the work it reports on. It is meant to be a
To fulfilli ts mission,t he SDA Project operates on forum not only for exchangeo f ideas but even more
different levels. Conceptually,c ontributionsn eed to importantlyt o advancet he cause of sustainablea nd
be made whicha dvanceo ur understandingo f how the equitableg rowth in Africa.
EdwardV .K.J aycox
ViceP resident,A fricaR egion
Hi.

The SocialD imensionso f Adjustment (SDA)
ProjectW orkingP aperS eries
The SDA Project has been launched by the UNDP The Surveys and Statistics subseries focuses on the
Regional Programme for Africa, the African Develop- data collection efforts undertaken by the SDA Project.
ment Bank, and the World Bank in collaboration with As such, it will report on experiences gained and
other multilateral and bilateral agencies. The objective methodological advances made in the undertaking of
is to strengthen the capacity of govermments in the household and community surveys in the participat-
Sub-SaharanAfricanRegiontointegratesocialdimen- ing countries to ensure an effective cross-fertilization
sions in the design of their structural adjustment pro- in the participating countries. The subseries would
grams. The World Bank is the executing agency for. also include "model" working documents to aid in the
the Project. Since the Project was launched in July implementation of surveys, such as manuals for inter-
1987, 32 countries have formally requested to partici- viewers, supervisors, data processors, and the like, as
pate in the Project. well as guidelines for the production of statistical
The Project aims to respond to the dual concern in abstracts and reports.
countries for immediate action and for long-term in- The Policy Analysis subseries will report on the
stitutional development. In particular, priority action analytical studies undertaken on the basis of both
programs are being implemented in parallel with ef- existing and newly collected data, on topics such as
forts to strengthen the capacity of participating gov- poverty, the labor market, health, education, nutrition
ernments (a) to develop and maintain statistical data and food security, the position of women, and other
bases on the social dimensions of adjustment, (b) to issues that are relevant for assessing the social dimen-
carry out policy studies on the social dimensions of sions of adjustment The subseries will also contain
adjustment, and (c) to design and follow up social papers that develop analytical methodologies suitable
policies and poverty alleviation programs and pro- for use in African countries.
jects in conjunction with future structural adjustment Another subseries, Program Design and Implemen-
operations. tation, will report on the development of the concep-
The working paper series "Social Dimensions of tual framework and the policy agenda for the project.
Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa" aims to dissemi- It will contain papers on issues pertaining to policy
nate in a quick and informal way the results and actions designed and undertaken in the context of the
findings from the Project to policymakers in the coun- SDAProjectin order to integrate the social dimensions
tries and the international academic community of into structural adjustment programs. This includes
economists, statisticians, and planners, as well as the the priority action programs implemented in partici-
staff of the international agencies and donors associ- pating countries, as well as medium- and long-term
ated with the Project In the light of the three terrains poverty alleviation programs and efforts to integrate
of action of the Project, the working paper series con- disadvantaged groups into the growth process. The
sists of three subseries dealing with (a) surveys and focus will be on those design issues and experiences
statistics, (b) policy analysis, and (c) program design which have a wide relevance for other countries as
and implementation. well, such as issues of cost-effectiveness and ability to
reach target groups.
v

Tableo f Contents
Introduction 1
1. SDA Socioeconomic InformationS ystem 3
ChristiaanG rootaerta nd Tim Marchant
Introduction 3
A Hierarchical Information System 3
SDA Information Requirements at the Macro, Meso, and Micro Levels 4
The SDA Household and Community Survey Program 7
The Social Dimensions Priority Survey (PS) 8
The Social Dimensions Integrated Survey (IS) 9
The Social Dimensions Community Survey (CS) 9
Integration of the SDA Survey Program into Ongoing Survey Activities 9
2. Objectives and Key Concepts 11
ChristiaanG rootaertw, ith contributionsfr om Louis-MarieA sselin,J ean-LucD ubois,a nd Tim Marchant
Statement of Objectives 11
The Priority Survey Instrument 11
The PS as Part of an Information System 14
Concepts and Definitions 16
3. Analysis Plan 19
LionelD emerya nd ChristiaanG rootaert
Introduction 19
Basic Needs 21
Employment 30
Income and Assets 36
Conclusion 41
4. Sampling Design 42
ChristopherS cott, with contributionsfr om Louis-MarieA sselin and ChristopherH ill
Introduction 42
Sampling Frames 42
Multi-stage Sampling 43
Stratification 46
Team Organization: Implications for Sample Design 48
Sample Size 49
Temporal Aspects of the Sample Design 53
Sampling Methods and Weighting 53
Sample Design: Summary 54
vii
viii
5. Annotated Questionnaire and Listing Forms 55
LionelD emery,C hristiaanG rootaerta, nd ChristopherH ill, with contrbutionsf rom BahjatA chikbache
and Tim Marchant
BasicI nstruments 55
The Priority Survey Questionnaire 56
Fieldwork Manuals 77
Survey Documents Summary 77
6. Survey Planning and Operations 78
BahjatA chikbachea nd Tim Marchant
Introduction 78
Survey Management 78
Schedule of Activities 80
Development and Planning 81
Field Operations 86
Post-fieldwork Activities 89
7. Survey Data Processing 91
ChristopherH ill, with contributionsfr om Tim Marchanta ndJ ames Otto
Design of the DP System 91
Planning and Implementation 97
Bibliography 107
Annexes
1. Data Processing Resource Requirements 113
2. Data Processing Systems Design 115
3. Process Control System 160
4. Guidelines for Producing Reference Tables 162
Frames
1. The distribution of the population by age, sex, and socioeconomic group 22,164
2. Distribution of households across socioeconomic groups 22,164
3. Literacy and school enrollment rates by level of schooling,
sex, and socioeconomic group 23,165
4. Educational drop-out rates by socioeconomic group, sex, and grade 23,165
5. Percentage of children not currently attending school for financial and logistic reasons,
by level of schooling and socioeconomic group 23,166
6. Age/grade mismatches as a proportion of total enrollments, by socioeconomic group,
education levels, and sex 24,166
7. Age/grade matrix for socioeconomic group 1 24,167
8. Mean household education expenditure per currently enrolled child,
by socioeconomic group and region 24,167
9. Incidence of health consultations by socioeconomic group, age, and sex 26,168
10. Distribution of health consultations by type of consultation
and socioeconomic group 26,168
11. Mean per capita household expenditure on health by socioeconomic group and region 26,169
12. Average health costs per consultation by type of consultation
and socioeconomic group 27,169
13. Percentage of children (aged 3-59m onths) indicating significantly low weight
for height, by socioeconomic group and region 28,170
14. Distribution of households by house tenure and socioeconomic group 29,170