The Smooth Muscle of the Artery

384 Pages·1975·17 MB·English

by  Dr. Andrew P. Somlyo (auth.)

THE SMOOTH MUSCLE
OF THE ARTERY
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
Nathan Back State University of New York at Buffalo
N. R. Di Luzio Tulane University School of Medicine
Bernard Halpern College de France and Institute of Immuno·Biology
Ephraim Katchalski The Weizmann Institute of Science
David Kritchevsky Wistar Institute
Abel Lajtha New York State Research Institute for Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction
Rodolfo Paoletti University of Milan
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 48
PROTEIN-METAL INTERACTWNS
Edited by Mendel Friedman. 1974
Volume 49
NUTRITION AND MALNUTRITION: Identification and Measurement
Edited by Alexander F. Roche and Frank Falkner. 1974
Volume 50
ION·SELECTIVE MICROELECTRODES
Edited by Herbert J. Berman and Normand C. Hebert. 1974
Volume 51
THE CELL SURFACE: Immunological and Chemical Approaches
Edited by Barry D. Kahan and Ralph A. Reisfeld .1974
Volume 52
HEPARIN: Structure, Function, and Clinical Implications
Edited by Ralph A. Bradshaw and Stanford Wessler. 1975
Volume 53
CELL IMPAIRMENT IN AGING AND DEVELOPMENT
Edited by Vincent J. Cristofalo and Emma Holeckova ·1975
Volume 54
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
Edited by Laurence W. Hedlund, John M. Franz, and
Alexander D. Kenny 1975
Volume 55
CONCANAVALIN A
Edited by Tushar K. Chowdhury and A. Kurt Weiss • 1975
Volume 56
BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF ETHANOL
Edited by Edward Majchrowicz • 1975
Volume 57
THE SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE ARTERY
Edited by Stewart Wolf and Nirholas T. Werthe.ssen. 1975
THE SMOOTH MUSCLE
OF THE ARTERY
Edited by
Stewart Wolf
The Marine Biomedical Institute
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Galveston, Texas
and
Nicholas T. Werthessen
Department of the Navy
The Office of Naval Research
Boston Branch Office
Boston, Massachusetts
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
The Smooth muscle of the artery.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 57)
"Proceedings of a workshop conference ... held in Heidelberg, West Germany,
October 29·31, 1973."
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Smooth muscles - Congresses. 2. Arteries - Muscles - Congresses. I. W oU,
Stewart George, 1914· II. Werthessen, Nicholas Theodore, 1911· III. Series:
[DNLM: 1. Arteries-Congresses. 2. Muscle, Smooth-Congresses. WI AD559 v.
57 / WE500 S667 1973]
QP321.S68 612'.133 75·9773
ISBN·13:978·1·4613·4478·0 e· ISBN·13:978·1·4613·4476·6
DOl: 10.1007/978·1·4613·4476·6
Proceedings of a workshop conference on The Smooth Muscle of the Arterial
Wall, held in Heidelberg, West Germany, October 29.31,1973
© 1975 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. lOon
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th floor), 8 Scruhs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWI0 6SE, England
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Participants
C.W.M.ADAMS, England H.C.McGILL, U.S.A.
C.G.BECKER, U.S.A. C.R.MINICK, U.S.A.
S. BJORKERUD, Sweden J.C.F.POOLE, England
D.E.BOWYER, England L.ROBERT, France
G.BURNSTOCK, Australia A.L.ROBERTSON, U.S.A.
C.CHALDAKOV, Bulgaria S.RODBARD, U.S.A.
A.S.DAOUD, U.S.A. R.ROSS, U.S.A.
A.J.DAY, Australia G.ROTHBLAT, U.S.A.
K.FISHER-DZOGA, U.S.A. J.C.RUEGG, Germany
K. GOLENHOFEN, Germany G.SCHETTLER, Germany
U.GROSCHEL-STEWART, Germany C.J.SCHWARTZ, Canada
M.D.HAUST, Canada D.SINAPIUS, Germany
H.F.HOFF, U.S.A. E.B.SMITH, Scotland
A.HORSCH, Germany A.P.SOMLYO, U.S.A.
L.A.KELLY, U.S.A. A.V.SOMLYO, U.S.A.
H.KIRCHHEIM, Germany O.STEIN, Israel
K.KJELDSEN, Denmark Y.STEIN, Israel
H.J.KNIERIEM, Germany J.P.STRONG, U.S.A.
V.A.KREYE, Germany G. WEBER, Italy
D.KRITCHEVSKY, U.S.A. K. WEGENER , Germany
P.D.LANG, Germany A.WEIZEL, Germany
K.T.LEE, U.S.A. N.T.WERTHESSEN, U.S.A.
P.J.LINDNER, Germany T.WIGHT, U.S.A.
H.B.LOFLAND, U.S.A. R.W.WISSLER, U.S.A.
D.McDERMOTT, U.S.A. S.WOLF, U.S.A.
T.K.ZEMPLENYI, U.S.A.
v
Preface
This volume contains the edited proceedings of a workshop
conference, THE SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE ARTERIAL WALL, held at Max
Planck Haus, Heidelberg, West Germany, on the occasion of the
dedication of the new Myocardial Infarct Institute of the Univer
sity of Heidelberg.
The conference was a sequel to one held three years earlier
at Lindau, West Germany, on THE ARTERY AND THE PROCESS OF ARTERIO
SCLEROSIS. The earlier conference examined available data and
conflicting theories on the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. A
major yield of this gathering was a consensus that smooth muscle
cell proliferation in the sub-endothelial space is a fundamental
feature of atherogenesis. It was, therefore, decided in a second
conference to bring together existing knowledge of arterial smooth
muscle and of the structure and function of smooth muscle in general.
Accordingly an international and interdisciplinary group of experts
were gathered together to assess current knowledge, to attempt
reconciliation of disparate data and synthesis of widely scattered
information and to identify critical areas of ignorance. As before,
the conference was conducted in the form of a dialogue with only
a minimal number of formal presentations.
Grateful acknowledgement for financial support of the confer
ence is extended to:
The Government of Baden-Wurttemberg, West Germany
The Marine Biomedical Institute of the University
of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
The Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C.
The American Heart Association
The Dow Chemical Company
G. D. Searle and Company
~i
viii PREFACE
Firma Boehringer Mannheim
Firma Maizena, Hamburg
Firma Pfizer, Karlsruhe
Firma Rhein Pharma, Plankstadt
Firma Selinka, Werbeberatung, Ravensburg
Special thanks are extended to the University of Heidelberg,
to Professor Gotthard Schettler, and to the Max Planck Institute
for their generous and gracious hospitality.
The audiovisual responsibilities at the Conference were ably
handled by Mr. Harold Druschel and Mr. Robert Robbins of the Depart
ment of Medical Illustrations, University of Texas Medical Branch.
The illustrations were prepared and some charts redrawn by Edmond
S. Alexander and Carol Hoecker of the same department. Mrs. Joan
Martin undertook the entire process of transcription, typing of
edits, redaction and organization of the manuscript with the assist
ance of Mrs. Diane Townsend, Miss Colleen Hogan, Mrs. Lucille Smith
and Ms. Moira Martin.
Acknowledgement is made to the following publications for
permission to reproduce illustrations:
Psychosomatic Medicine
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Medical Clinics of North America
Transactions of the American Clinical & Climato
logical Society
Journal of Medical Education
Journal American Medical Association
Revista Medica de Chile
Williams and Wilkins
Springer Verlag
W. B. Saunders Company
Journal Oklahoma State Medical Association
Contents
Welcoming Remarks and Reply • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • xi
Chapter 1
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, MECHANISMS OF
CONTRACTION, INNERVATION, AND PROLIFERATION
OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS • • • • • • • • • • • 1
Chapter 2
METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
INCLUDING SYNTHETIC AND SECRETORY FUNCTIONS
AND THE CHEMISTRY OF CONTRACTION • • • • • • 81
Chapter 3
RELATIONSHIP OF ENDOTHELIUM TO SMOOTH MUSCLE· 180
Chapter 4
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATHEROMATOUS LESION 254
Bibliography 327
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
ix
WELCOMING REMARKS
Dr. Gotthard Schettler
I am most pleased to have the opportunity. to welcome my
colleagues and friends, the participants in this Conference.
After the successful Lindau meeting three years ago we decided
to continue with this multidisciplinary type of Conference.
Since we had to organize the Third International Symposium on
Atherosclerosis in Berlin it was impossible, and probably not
justified at this time, to organize a meeting as long or as
large as the former Lindau meeting. We therefore decided to
continue in Heidelberg with a "Little Lindau Meeting", a meet
ing which may be understood as a kind of satellite meeting of
our Berlin Conference because our topic will be closely related
to atherosclerosis research. However, it will concentrate on a
particular topic. This workshop meeting with its intimate
atmosphere will provide excellent opportunities for intensive
personal contacts and uninhibited discussions. We feel that the
flair of the oldest university in our country and Heidelberg
itself will be an appropriate and adequate alternative for the
ambience of Lake Constance. The slogan of our alma mater is
"Semper apertus". Heidelberg has always been very open-minded.
The political atmosphere is always exciting, sometimes hot.
As in many other places we have had student violence in
Heidelberg. However, as in most other places the situation has
stabilized again and the academic youth of our university has
returned to the principles of academic engagement and achievement.
Our State Government has made strong efforts to further
develop our university. Not far from this building you can see
the new University campus of the Heidelberg University. Heidel-
xi
xii WELCOME
berg has become a center in many fields; especially in physics,
chemistry, biochemistry, astronomy and cybernetics. The philo
sophical sciences, sociology, and the faculty of law have been
internationally recognized for a long time and have produced a
good number of highly respected authorities.
The faculty of medicine is trying to keep up with inter
national standards. The German Cancer Research Center as well
as the Max-Planck Institutes of Heidelberg are well equipped to
perform basic research and these institutes keep strong inter
national contacts. This is also true for our medical institutes
which are engaged in close cooperation with many foreign univer
sities. Our small Myocardial Infarct Institute which opens
officially today also provides the basis for strong cooperation
in the field of coronary heart disease and we hope that this
Institute will be an adequate place for scientists and students
from abroad to perform research on a high level. Furthermore,
we hope that this type of cooperation will provide the basis for
initiating common research projects.
Heidelberg is one of the very few places in Germany which
was not destroyed during the second world war. It is an example
of a city living on old traditions. The old castle and the center
of the "Altstadt" have been a great attraction for many tourists
from all countries. Therefore, Heidelberg seems to be a "must"
for most European travel programs. This may also help us to
attract more and more friends from science and research to visit
and work with us in Heidelberg.
Every fifth inhabitant of this city is from a foreign
country and every sixth is from the United States. So I am
certain most of you will have no problem getting along in your
mother tongue while walking through the old part of the city.
The barkeeper and "Schankwirte" especially will answer you in
their particular Pfalzisch-English; in the same manner as they
used to answer in Pfalzisch-French several hundred years ago when
most of their guests came from France.
You, my dear friends, are not asked to express your excite
ment in the same way as the soldiers of Melac, who particularly
enjoyed small fireworks in the castle and thereby created one of
the most famous ruins. You are, however, welcome to relax in the
over-whelming atmosphere of one of the charming wine-Stuben or
student pubs. This advice, however, holds only if the scientific
discussions are not going to be too exhausting. The "Roter
Ochse" is a good example of one of these places. I tremendously
regret that I am not able to demonstrate sabre fencing for you
today, since dueling was such an important part of student life
in Heidelberg during the last hundred years.