Table Of Content

Preface This volume is a collection of selected papers dealing with comparative and historical problems of Slavic linguistics. Their arrangement re- flects, on the one hand, the shifting interests of Slavic linguistic scholar- ship as it evolved over the last three decades, and, on the other hand, the various phases and facets of my work. Thus the first seven articles deal primarily with phonological questions, articles 9 to 19 with questions of inflectional and derivational morphology, articles 20 to 26 with Slavic morphophonemics (in particular with Slavic accentology), and the last three articles with Slavic lexicology. Interspersed are articles that strad- dle the domains of phonology and morphophonemics (8) and of morphophonemics and derivation (28 and 29). The division of subjects is not, however, strict, since the formal and semantic aspects of language are inextricably linked; the mutual relation of form and function consti- tutes, in fact, one of the basic and recurrent themes of this volume. It will be noted that although some articles deal with individual Slav- ic languages or dialects, a typological or general linguistic outlook in- forms the overall formulation of the issues. The title I have chosen for the present collection deliberately alludes to the book by Nicolas van Wijk, Les langue slaves. De l'unité à la plura- lité written in 1937 and reprinted in Mouton's Janua linguarum series in 1956. The lucid and compact monograph by the Dutch Slavist in some ways marked a new approach to "comparative Slavic grammar" by de- voting one of its five chapters to the "parallelism and divergence in the evolution of the Slavic languages." The chapter in question discusses some phonetic parallelisms in the history of the Slavic languages (e. g., the fate of the nasals in Polish and Bulgarian, the change of g to A in the central Slavic languages), but stops short of any broader conclusions concerning the possibility and limits of linguistic convergence. The au- thor remains, in effect, within the traditional historical framework, as when he believes that the sources of Slavic linguistic convergence are to be sought in the common linguistic patrimony of the Slavs ("the germs of future history", he writes, "were already contained in Common Slav- ic") and in their presumed "sentiment" of communality. The true focus of the book remains thus the breakdown of Common Slavic and the for- Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:22 AM Vili Slavic Languages mation of the diverse Slavic languages, a focus which is indicated by the very title of the book. A new orientation in Slavic comparative and historical grammar emerged with the rise of contemporary linguistics and its new awareness that languages do not evolve in a totally fortuitous way, or, as Baudouin de Courtenay put it, that "there is a limit on linguistic change." The latter idea was for Baudouin a corollary of the more fundamental notion that languages preserve stability throughout and despite historical change (i. e., the presence of statics within diachrony) and that variation is implicit in any synchronic state (i. e., the presence of dynamics within synchrony). Baudouin himself developed these concepts in a pathbreak- ing study {Zarys historiijçzyka polskiego, 1922) which showed that some of the basic, or as we would now say, unmarked elements of Polish phonology remained invariant throughout the history of the language, whereas its more complex or marked elements were subject to continu- ous variation and change. Change itself was not, moreover, completely contingent, for it moved, as it were, along a limited number of alterna- tive paths. These pioneering ideas of Baudouin were taken up and advanced by the linguists of Prague who gave them a theoretical underpinning by for- mulating the interrelated concepts of markedness, neutralization and of the hierarchical organization of all levels of language. The question of linguistic invariance and variation became thereby grounded in the general theory of language, and historical linguistics found itself in a close alliance with linguistic typology, that rapidly developing branch of linguistics that served as the testing ground for predictive and explanatory statements about the structure and historical development of language. These pivotal ideas, which were elaborated by the linguists of Prague (above all in the field of phonology where they were first formulated by Roman Jakobson), have served as a point of departure for a number of the present studies whose major purpose is the elucidation of the con- vergent and divergent phenomena in the structure of the contemporary Slavic languages. The remarkable similarity of these languages is, of course, highly conducive to this kind of inquiry. Although the basic orientation of the book is typological, it is clear that such an approach carries throughout historical implications, just as the more explicit historical studies have a direct bearing on Slavic typology. A considerable part of the volume is devoted to questions of Slavic morphology whose typological and historical aspects have been far less Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:22 AM Preface IX explored than those of phonology. The concepts of oppositions, hier- archy and neutralization have also here revealed their explanatory pow- er. But particularly rewarding seems to me the study of the interplay of diverse grammatical categories, which I have examined on the basis of such fundamental Slavic categories as gender, number and case, as well as in the study of word-formation. At the same time it has appeared that some of the generalizations of early structuralism were premature and oversimplified. Thus it can no longer be maintained that phonemic quantity and stress, or large vocalic and consonantal systems are incompatible, just as the notion of markedness has proved to require a more flexible and dynamic interpretation. And, as I have shown in several of my papers, the all-pervasive phenom- enon of neutralization is frequently complemented by the introduction of supplementary, "compensatory" discriminations which balance the asymmetry of linguistic oppositions. My work on morphophonemics, which makes up a considerable part of this book, has likewise profited from the insights of linguists (in the first place of Jakobson) who have overcome the piecemeal treatment of morphophonemic alternations (as it was still practiced by Trubetzkoy and American descriptivists) by introducing the concept of base forms and of rules which predict the occurrence of the morphological alter- nants. Such an approach has significantly simplified the description of the formal processes of a language and has been most helpful to me in the analysis of Slavic accentuation, which had proven to be far more simple and systematic than was originally thought. The recent emphasis on simplicity for its own sake seems to me, however, a barren and otiose enterprise. A meaningful analysis of the morphophonemic processes of a language demands that they be treated with reference to their func- tions as well as in their mutual relations. As I have further argued (e. g., in the article on the Slavic vocative and the Russian numerals), one must avoid the tendency to absolutize the basic forms as "deep" and immut- able entities, for in this case, too, language shows its capacity for coexist- ing patterns and innovations. A special place in the book is accorded to selected though central problems of Slavic accentology, for this is clearly the least advanced and hitherto controversial branch of Slavic linguistics. While some of the present papers have appeared in another collection, now out of print {Studies in Slavic Morphophonemics and Accentology, Ann Arbor, 1979), I have here expanded their range and taken a more explicit critical stance with respect to some recent theories on Slavic accentuation. What Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:22 AM χ Slavic Languages seems to me most questionable about these theories is that (in following Kurytowicz) they have too easily discarded some of the true insights of "classical" Slavic accentology (e.g., the discovery of a correlation be- tween the distribution of stress and the inherited Common Slavic quantity of vowels), while they perpetuate its traditional preoccupation with problems of reconstruction. But in the words of the mathematician H. Weyl (quoted on p. 269 of this volume), "explanation of a phenome- non is to be sought not in its origin, but in its immanent laws. Knowl- edge must be far advanced before one may hope to understand... their genesis. For want of this knowledge the speculations on pedigrees ... are mostly premature." It would seem that linguists brought up on the lessons of modern structuralism are hardly in need of such a reminder. And, indeed, many speculations about the prehistoric origin of certain accentual forms would lose ground if greater attention were paid to the immanent, structural relations of Slavic morphology (as I have shown in the analysis of the Russian numerals and the Slavic adverbs). Equally strained seems to me the attempt to press the origin of the Slavic accents into a Lithuanian mold, the more that the latter is itself in need of an adequate historical explanation. Another shortcoming of some recent accentological works is their superficial, and even inaccurate coverage of the contemporary Slavic facts (as shown in the article on the athemat- ic nominal stems), though these facts help clarify some of the historical and synchronic accentual relations. Progress in the field will no doubt be made when Slavic accentology abandons its one-sided "archeologi- cal" approach and when the geographically scattered and heteroge- neous historical facts are welded into a cohesive theory with a true comparative and historical dimension. This book is offered in the belief that problems of convergence and divergence will continue to retain their appeal to the Slavic scholar and to students of language and linguistic typology. It is my pleasant duty to thank my graduate students, Ljerka Debus and Jack Schreiber for their technical help in the preparation of the book, and the Department of Linguistics at Yale for a subvention to- wards its publication. Edward Stankiewicz July, 1986 Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:22 AM Abbreviations of Journals AL Acta linguistica, Copenhagen. AmerContr American Contributions to the ... International Con- gress of Slav(ic)ists. ANSSR Akademija Nauk SSSR. ArchNéerPhonExp Archives néerlandais de phonétique expérimentale, The Hague. Arch VerglPhon Archiv för vergleichende Phonetik=Zeitschrift für Pho- netik und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin. ASlPh Archiv für slavische Philologie, Vienna-Berlin. ASNSL Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Lite- raturen, Braunschweig. BAN Balgarska akademija na naukite, Sofia. BdlgDial Balgarska dialektologija, Sofia. BslgEz Baigarski ezik. Organ na Instituía za balgarski ezik pri Balgarskata Akademija na Naukite, Sofia. BJF Biblioteka Juznoslovenskog filologa, Belgrade. BPTJ Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Jezykoznawczego, Cracow. BSLP Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris, Paris. CFS Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure, Geneva. Charisteria Mathesio Charisteria Guilelmo Mathesio quinquagenario a discipulis et Circuii linguistici Pragensis sodalibus obla- ta, Prague, 1932. CJKZ Casopis za slovenski jezik, knjizevnost in zgodovino, Ljubljana. CslVlastivëda Ceskoslovenskà Vlastivéda, Prague. Die Sprache Die Sprache. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, Vien- na. FFC Folklore Fellows Communications, Helsinki. FolSlav Folia Slavica, Columbus, Ohio. Germsl Germanoslavica, Prague. GlasSAN Glas Srpske Akademije Nauka, Belgrade (Formerly Srpska Kraljevska Akademija). GodFFNS Godisnjak Filozofskogfakulteta u Novom Sadu. Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:48 AM XII Slavic Languages GodSU Godisnik na Sofijskija universitet, Istorikofilologièeski fakultet, Sofia. Grada NDBiH Grada. Nauòno drustvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo. HDZb Hrvatski dijalektoloski zbornik, Zagreb. IJaz Institut jazykoznanija AN SSSR. IJSLP International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics, The Hague. IORJaS Izvestija otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti Aka- demii Nauk, St. Petersburg - Leningrad. IRJa Institut russkogo jazyka, Moscow. IJAL International Journal of American Linguistics, Bloom- ington, Indiana. Izvestija ANSSSR Izvestija Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad. IzvIBE Izvestija na Instituía za balgarski ezik, Sofia. IzvSSF Izvestija na Seminara po slavjanskata filologija pri Uni- verziteta ν Sofija, Sofia. JF Juznoslovenskifilolog, Belgrade. JoumAmerFolk Journal of American Folklore, Philadelphia. JPol Jezyk Polski, Cracow. JSp Jezikoslovni spisi, Ljubljana. KSISl Kratkie soobscenija Instituía slavjanovedenija Akade- mii Nauk SSSR, Moscow. Language Language. Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, Baltimore. LGU Leningradskij Gosudarstvennyj Universitet imeni A. Zdanova, Leningrad. LS Linguistica Slovaca, Bratislava. LudSlow Lud Slowianski. Pismo poswiecone dialektologii i etno- grafi Slowian, Cracow. LjetopisJAZU Ljetopis Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjet- nosti, Zagreb. MatSovesc Materialy i Sovescenija, Voronez. MIRD Materialy i issledovanija po russkoj dialektologii, Mos- cow. MJ Makedonskijazik, Skoplje. Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Weten- MKAW schappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Series A, Amsterdam. Ill Medunarodni Kongres Slavista. Izdanje izvrsnog MKSL-III odbora, Belgrade, 1939. Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:48 AM Abbreviations of Journals XIII Movoznavstvo Movoznavstvo. Naukovi zapysky, Kiev. MP Makedonskipregled, Sofia. MPCG Monografiepolskich cech gwarowych, Cracow. MPKJ Materiafy iprace Komisji Jezykowej Akademii Umiejet- nosci w Krakowie, Cracow. MPPAU Materiafy iprace Polskiej Akademii Umiejetnosci, Cra- cow. Nasjezik Nas jezik, Belgrade. NaukZapXark U Naukovi zapysky Xar'kivs'koho universytetu, Kharkov. Neophilologus Neophilologus. Driemaandelijks tijdschrift voor de we- tenschappelijk beoefening van levende vreemde talen en van hun letterkunde, Groningen. NZapCerkasPI Naucnye zapiski Cerkasskogo pedagogiceskogo institu- ía, Cerkassy. PFil Prace filologiczne, Warszaw. Proceedings of the 1st International Congress of Pho- PICPhonS I netic Sciences, Amsterdam, 1932. Prace Komisji Jezykowej, Polska Akademia Umiejet- PK J, PAU nosci w Krakowie, Cracow. Proceedings of the Modern Language Association, New PMLA York. Priloziproucavanjujezika, Novi Sad. PPJ Prace Polskiej Akademii Umiejetnosci, Cracow. PracePAU Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti, RadJAZU Zagreb. RESI Revue des études slaves, Paris. RFV Russkijfilologiceskij vestnik, Warsaw. RhMPhil Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie, Frankfurt am Main. RodNapr Rodopski Napredak, Sofia. RozprPAU Rozprawy Polskiej Akademii Umiejetnosci, Cracow. RWF Rozprawy Akademii Umiejetnosci. Wydziat filolo- giczny, Cracow. Sbor... Balan Sbornik ν cest na akad. Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan, po slucaj devetdeset ipetata mu godisnina, Sofia, 1955. SborBAN Sbornik na Bslgarskata Akademija na Naukite, Sofia. SborMAE Sbornik Muzeja Antropologa i Ètnografìi. SborNU Sbornik za narodni umotvorenija, nauka i kniznina, Sofia. SborORJaS Sbornik Otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti, St. Pe- tersburg - Leningrad. Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:48 AM XIV Slavic Languages Sbor Praci I SSlov Sbornik praci I Sjezdu slovanskych filologú ν Praze, Prague, 1929. Schriften BKLA Schriften der Balkankommission. Linguistische Abtei- lung. I. Südslavische Dialektstudien. KAW, Vienna. SDZb Srpski dijalektoloski zbomik, Belgrade. SFen Studia Fennica, Helsinki. SFPSl Studia ζfilologiipolskiej i slowianskiej, Warsaw. SiizKAW Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wis- senschaften, Vienna. SitzÖstAW Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, Vienna. SKA Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, later Srpska Akademija Nauka. SlavFîl Slavjanskaja filologija, Sbornik statej, Moscow, 1958. Slavia Slavia. Casopispro slovanskou filologii, Prague. SlavJaz Slavjanskoejazykoznanie, Moscow. SlavRev Slavisticna Revija, Ljubljana. SIJ Slovenskijezik, Ljubljana. Stat'i i materialy po bolgarskoj dialektologii SSSR, SMBD Moscow. Slavia occidentalis, Poznan. SO Sprawozdania Polskiej Akademii Umiejetnosci, War- saw. SprPAU Slovenská ree, Bratislava. Studies in Slavic Morphophonemics and Accentology, SR Ann Arbor, 1979. Studies ... Symbolae... Kurylowicz Symbolae linguisticae in honorem Georgii Ku- rytowicz, Adam Heinz et al. (eds.), Wroclaw, 1965. Symbolae ... Rozwadowski Symbolae Grammaticae in honorem Ioan- nis Rozwadowski, 1-2 Cracow, 1927-1928. TCLP Travaux de Cercle linguistique de Prague, Prague. TNYAS Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York. TrakSbor Trakijski sbornik, Sofia. Trudove BD Trudove po belgarska dialektologija, Sofia. Trudy IJa Trudy Instituía jazykoznanija AN SSSR, Moscow. Trudy VoronezU Thidy Voronezskogo universiteta, Voronez. UcenZapInstSlav Ucenye zapiski Instituía Slavjanovedenija Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow - Leningrad. Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:48 AM Abbreviations of Journals XV UcenZapKazan ' U Ucenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta, Kazan'. UcenZapKalinGPI Ucenye zapiski Kaliningradskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogiceskogo instituía, Kaliningrad. UcenZapKisinevU Ucenye zapiski Kisinevskogo universiteta, Kishinev. UcenZapLGPI Ucenye zapiski Leningradskogo pedagogiceskogo insti- tuía imeni Gercena, Leningrad. UcenZapMosGPI Ucenye zapiski Moskovskogo gosudarsfvennogo pedagogiceskogo insíiíuía imeni Lenina, Moscow. UcenZapSverdlPI Ucenye zapiski Sverdlovskogo pedagogiceskogo insti- tuía, Sverdlov. VesinikMGU Vesinik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiíeía, Serija filologija, zurnalistika, Moscow. VJa Voprosy jazykoznanija, Moscow. VRJa Voprosy russkogo jazykoznanija, Lvov. Word Word. Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York, New York. WSl Die Welt der Slaven. Vierteljahrschrift fur Slavistik, Wiesbaden. ZborFilLing Zbornik Matice srpske za filologiju i lingvistiku, Novi Sad. ZborlnsiNauka Zbornik Insíiíuía hisíorijskih nauka u Zadru, Zadar. ZfSl Zeitschriftfur Slavistik, Berlin. ZslPh Zeitschrift fur slavische Philologie, Leipzig - Heidel- berg. ZMNP íurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosvescenija, St. Pe- tersburg. Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:48 AM Brought to you by | Stockholms Universitet Authenticated Download Date | 9/15/15 2:48 AM