The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior PDF
Preview The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior
NATIONAL AUDUBON SOCIETY The SIBLEY GUIDE to Bird Life & Behavior Mlustrated by DAVID ALLEN SIBLEY Edited hy CHRIS ELPHICK JOHN B. DUNNING, JR. DAVID ALLEN SIBLEY 4 4 Pe Alfred A. Knopf, New York To eur parents John ant Claire Dunning Marilyn anal Denis Elphick Feel an Peggy Sibley for, among other things, instilling in us ‘an appreciation of the naturel world Prblsbed oy ate A Keo Gara 200 by Cnc tn Tuts sed upc neo atFan Areran Cop Convetions Passe nthe Une Stead 8 Knol ine Rew Nr, ty inary and Hao Cada aa, Wetted aa Hs gp Bez ok, a te ectopton ae mpd bess a Hee regard and produc by Cus tie Pes, e, New rk ete ap ter by Da Nippon nine Ca, 1, Hong Ror Fit Eton cay of Cengrns Cataloging in tn sb, ata Ab Sots 9 opted taerae of National Auda: Sacety ne Might reset National Audubon Society "he msarof WATIONAL ALDUBDNSOCIEFY i banca ma sens, [Pesan lh, nt so ft esa many on ath hal der ‘Ore the get nvicomenlxgaiatons, Adan has $500 rem, 100 sancies dau enor a Soerapn me Amis ules sa la Sticky cis i ay en a and olor photouapy an wile, tie cnvacemens and commen. AB 980 ‘en rae xan for fiche anit and ces tong came a we ‘Mp, pas niger Eaveling dege peptone nrg fetes pe rho “ition seanee rk ane wee whi ond tel perpen ei ase ie Antti Ae, oj cma, an he Calpe nds oreo et An ple cote NATIONAL AUUUSON SOCIETY Merb fp 70 ae tet Yode Ne WX Soeu nn 2-490 or 212) 90H Ny wR Ua Contents ‘ ° ° 0 " 2 Introduction How the Book s Orgarizes Bird Names and Clasifcation Sources of Infrmation Were Farsi Fentres Acknowledgment Part I The World of Birds 15 a a 2 Fight, Form, and Function ‘Te Inpeaions of Fight gi Aneto and Whe ye Wet oes 16 Feathers Row pes 17 Mets and Flumages ‘ase ont Aten onasee 39 amaland Campers, Aerodynanics flrs Day 22 Fs of Rig 22 ‘dps at 24 fect, Bll, and Digestion Digatiwr 26 Jones and Mice Xespiration and Metabolism spate 20 Cheatin 30 Heo tangent 31 wi Management 32 3 36 39 9 2 1 2 32 32 55 59 Senses and Vocal Appartus Vision 33 Hearing 38 ‘Send Pectin 38 Taste, Sel and Other Ses 36 Bird italigence Bid Bains 37 PralaeshingAblny 37 ‘Origins, Evolution, and Classitication The Ongin of Bias ids re pis 39 ‘na Ry Teper How Bud Species Orignate Secs Dhesieaion 43 Clastiation Gssfcaton Soham 4 Metotsof Cation 45 Wha oman Us ils Classen 6 bna-bNansratzcton ay Spots cons Behavior ‘The Stay of Bird Behave “The Function of Behavior Daily and Seasonal REythms Dai Act Paes 93 Sexsial Avy ats SB Daily Mirtenarce Bahavios Paulas “38 th Gar $7 Migration Iai De Bids Migr? 60 Mais of Micon 6 Meaty doh ne Boe of tat 2 Oikvtutat sd Rinigiton 6 6 n ” RE 95 Dispersa Communication apn xing Pisco crea Pete 67 Days Using Sod 65 Repeedicive Rehawor Mimsy 7 Testo Bing 7 obi! Bing 73 Capote Bring 74 Publ 76 Pibgqucndry 76 Outer rtng Pavlos 79 Understanding Behave The Cuter Fronder Habitats and Distributions ange ana Habitat Vantin Hoban oe hang Diets 2 Habitat istibution Patems Geowanhy 88 aioe Dates 8 abet types Forests and Woodlands purines 98 sto Fests 88 Fasern Fess 90 Svan 91 Sienpcl Foes 91 sassands Pract 92 Desot Gasianes 96 Shrublands Chapa) (intr Siublands 98 Deserts Geet Basin Bewrt 96 Siw Dest 97 98 100 102 105 tor 107 7 rey no 120 Chl Desert 98 Tundra Apne finden 98 \Wettnd and Aquatic Habitats es ant tc 102 Ocean Habitats paling 10 Human created Habitats {govt tons 10S Populations and Conservation ‘What Determines ied Population Sires? abit Chat ant ‘qu 108 Populaticn Recustion Conservation threats ‘Exasic Spacey 1S “Tracking Bi Populations in Nowth Aner ca Protecting Norh Americar rcs Part If Bird Families of 12 12 1” 136 146 151 154 137 160 165 167 1% 80 183 67 190 m2 2s 230 ni 2a 2a 2s 232 256 27 265 268 m om ee 2 208 a8 ae 332 236 235 a4 382 337 North America eons Greses Alatrosses Shearwoters and Fetes Storrs Petes Tropebinds Fodbies and Gannets Felkars Cormerants Darers (hinge) Frigalebids Herons, Egrets, and Bills Ibises ane Spoonblls Stores New Worl Yalores Flanges Ducks, Geese, and Swans Haves ane les Falcons and Caacaras CChachslcas ard lies Grouse, Turkeys, and Ales New Vir Quail Fails Calirules, and Cooks Limokin Cranes Thickhnees rovers and Lapwangs Oysteratchers Stits and Avocets Jacanas Sandpipes, Phalropes, andl Ales Course an Pratincles Cals, ers, an Ais fas Pigeons and Doves rots ane ales Cuckoos, Roadrunners, and Ais Bom Cvs “ypical Onis Nighthawks ane Nighjrs Sts Hummingbirds 366 Trogens 369 Heopoe 370 Kingfishers 73 Woodpeckers and Ales 384 Tyan Fycate ners 2199 hikes, 408 Crows and ays a6 Laks 419. Swallows and Martins 425: Chicadees ard Tamice 430 Pendulire Ts (vercin) 497 tale Ths ust) 434 Nuthateres 438 Croepers 445. ippers 450 Kinglets 453. Old Weld Warblers and Gratcatcers 457. Old Weald Flycatcher 458. Thrshes 466. Banblrs (rent 468 Mocking and Theashers 475. Starlings and Myo APB Accentors 479. aguas dl Fipts 485. Wantwings 488 Silly sycatchers 490 Olve Warbler 492 Wood Warblers 510 Bananacuit 512 Tanager S516. New Weld Sparowe 1536. Carino and Alcs 542 Dlckbids, Orioles, an Alien 552 Fires anal Alien 562 O18 Wold Spariows Appendices 565. Glossary 576 Author Biographies S581 Specss Chee SH nox Introduction “The populaty of uratching hae in roared trmendcoy ove the pt foe Aissaes, adie now estimated that ‘toot 0 milion North Ameren wate Dis at Kast oceisonally- This Increase hs occured for many easons: ring 4 hoy hate be eros by anor, Sinyesher aod at any me, and 1 ques ne spe sls and eye ‘xij: Moreover, dt aed ter tip bl fers physi nd Inc tual cones fx pop at any level of expense and gies abr an chy ne the wer of nate TWarching and deriving bide icy lente teeny Abt Rowe a hy Bins do the things they do. How does a tiny chickade sure subse tempos foes? Hove dose an sbstoss cee es cof occan without lapping? Why do male incowenbies have 00 distinct song bps! "The answers, oF proposed anes fest in technic popets ard in tot Eucla wel Provide nt tteahetion tothe gest vs Hey and complesity of in fea hank ‘wullen hy and foe bers hat wil lp ders sbypet and urdestand the legs wey seein te fel "oughcut the book we hae wid combine scenic sccuacy and’ detail ‘vith uncerstadae and cade pose, Condensing and egarizng tne hus: boy ‘ot omit knwtedge into a sees ff sail shat emp The back > Tnended os a companion to The Sy Geto Bins Ge ide at desea ‘he idectiestion ef Non Ameen Thats That frst hook enables pote Aisungush the its thay se: his oak ‘describes cw those ids ve ti is, ‘We hope that this book wl se function st itean act arageneal t ‘tence on the boty of Noth Aare ‘ds Whaler vou aa backyard der ondeing why sme House Hines al {our feeds ae sallow ates the se fn advanced birt inetd in Tom Spat ticoomy, of seteone looking foram inteduction tothe snes of ot rloogy we hope this book will anstee your quesions cece a ook that cer cout mp ‘group of bids otis xn, we fae fF chaptes, each sjntbesing caren Snailedge about 2 particule fany of ‘Noh Aen bide es lungs feaders an overdo wha ken ‘ou! the bology of Noah Amercan Tends, ps, for Move wh wish te cae further an accesible intoduction to tbe rove dale heatuse How the Book Is Organized ‘Sesion: Par Tl nd amis of Neth merce ints cpt he fa veer by expert Enders a eri {se lanar tse anil ase, The lnilyhopters ll ve a sar strate although authors wer neat get tdepa om hegre eatin in ew tp portal le Sant te each fei The cpr all {ori ad bred Bly and oe sete stats of th ay. Ea fay {iy Fates bo tht iran yt formation forthe try sore leer sprit, ste sein othe ecueence nace” specks tht Ise acne in Nort erica tt at fart ret he ten rade The Sik Gt is ‘The he ents plessy ef es sod 4 ech of Nat Amer “The ren ites he aes of pete Chemed throughout te Fok an tp cored by he bok, Bird Names and Classification The names ab easton of bin spc somtimes tame se er ‘ater abet thee thy ec salable In addon, sme irs have fr ofthe wold ae eifrert auto fering te specs, ae followed the Dera Clesst’ Unens AOU) Chl of ents Din he Sevcah ei pba in 1998, sr the rad supplement published tn Di) a oe sae oe nae ies snl ae atone elton Sigs Whee these angen Ove "aniston, or pont fr namie ot tannnamie change in the fru thes toplerare aly ec he on ny ssctars of he fay chart or the mines of spect at ate nt Indeed asthe AOU Checks rich tomy covets ies foul in the Amcass from Faraz north, we have wsed Wed Ceti o is, by Bur L. Mos roc, Ir, rd Charles G. Sibley ale Unvemity Press, Nevr ave, Comm, 199), Th ck ster stant fro he AOU hkl ts aang rent of firds. Although many ef thee Carica de-ences are dicks 9 the family chapters, we have follow the AOU pater the primacy els ftom for thie feet In ses whe clisiteaton chenges have occured Sanco the pupieaborof Maatoc and Sib- loys checks, an for the seiemic rns of subpecis ish ae te Sxaln the AOU or Morro and Siley Sheek), Ne alho-comsalted Jars {herent id tke Wet Chat {is Pobiing u, Vist eh, 2000) ‘Sources of Information In akon othe does ea nn Ierlly thousands of emtholeges and Tore, profesional and arate ae, hve pice the masve boy of Aermstion upan sth th book 8 De the cestits of poe, ad cae ve ante eae te Bao readable ss psa we hve ose not tellin te orton pace the cnc Mestre of Hnsring tions sreroso fandsmentally important fo the Deduction of tis ao0k Matthey must art more about the topes coved ae ‘ete te these sures hich ae de Seabed below radeon, a Ist of xy tefeences torah peril be peed fy ene tert at erate Yo inet interest reaey 0 the ong Secs nd more dated information ere ey che subjects cement at eaers igh cont several et fal owe tt were ey to pcp Me ‘Shapters Fork B Gill Cootan ce fd ection 8-H. econ and Cor pany, Neve ork, 1096) 9 wey wea fx hghly recommended textbook used ln college courses throughout the wou, provedes much more deta on te topes {scab an th st tee chapter. ter extent tetboo, wth feats ‘on ivan soxtomcal stricture, the ‘Mont of Umit By Neble 8. oe= ter and Fac Unies ale Uneesey Press Net Ilaven, Conny 1998). Fou 8 ‘scent of behavioral lems and om ‘cpt we ages John leek’ Aa theron an Froitonay Aron (th “elton, Sinner Asoctats, Sede, Mase. 1998), another lading college textbook. For information on Nom American plent communities and dist tutions we used North anencan Tacs tal Uetetion, edited By Sochacl ©. In gene, the txt of each fay chap- Farbow and Villar Dwight Blings ter fers specially #0 the family (second eaiton, Cambedg! Univesity Nor Amie. in ths book we use res Cambridge, 199), ‘Ron Amen” to certo the cont Key orcs forthe family chapters nent Unie Sats sd Cras thit vweretwo ongoing sens Hana teh mci orth of ene bat nts ofthe Wor, eee by Jom del exchanged) nak ote Hoye, dr lio, ene! Sart _ mn tex, fy chapter contains (Cyr tdions, davelons, 1992 present) 4 Wenle Zany Reawres box that nd the Bide of hor Arma series provides a i oversee of the lays ied by Alan Fook, ster Sethe, chases wondee fod Hank HiIl (The Rie of Newth Thee bores fet he he range of Bete Philagclzhi, 1992-presen) bed ens, fem the sales species The handbook is 8 monumental work tothe lage long wth abet dep at Is rapidly Become the prizary tion of the type of bud found in the soutce for general information ‘on the fal (eater, Senge, Wwoe’s Bids To date, six ofa projected Nett he box notes the number of 1D volumes have been product, Core speis and genes neloded inthe fm Ing most ponpassuine famlis. These and the foals weegraphic stb books whicheolectivly mmter several tien, beth worldwide and in North hovsind popes, contain detied ae Amer, Wookwide specs nd ns ‘ountsaf te bielgy teen ie family, count re based on Meeroe an IES Borg it smamary Istematon on Wild Chet of ets pda some teh agers of be fend the wend. canes recent changes preset inte uly imps Is the lof Rath Clete hes In eres where Annis Sere, ameter ging project the onomic teste les beeen that comprise detailed monographs the AOU Check ti and the ler check Sunmavizingall hats now sbout the is, we adested species and gos hiolagy of eich species found in Noel counts to conform with the AOU Check Deca and Hew For Getaed infor list tor example the AOU Chace fuation on bird tamales, we dicet splis a specs Wat is given 362 seg "readers tothe handbek fer specie In-Species a Monsoe and Site, se aoe founation on Nowth Arneacan specks we one specs lo the gta specs count siggest Bde of Noth Src, taken from Mento ane Se) Uketse, ‘Ether major ferences (or specs that we acjsted! ceunts when fal asin ‘ccur vide ta burope were He Bas of ment dred among chess fe str Foon edd ty Sankey Nonth Amerscan counts ate based on (Camp, KEL Simmons, ard CN. Pet whe AOU Checks as Istands athe De tins (nfo Univesity Hess Oxford ganing of 2001. ev Sts Aneucan 577-1994 end a updated Coie Be oun, Ue bone ie Hk cu ‘on eited Wy David Snow and CEE Pe egy excirng species and ther the fins (Onfrd Univeaity Pes, Oxford. nobel edaional “asides” 100) Farts laest deveepmnets inary dsinction Between “rele” huts esert,weaders can pease “accents iy neces seme a the maler ornithological journals, whi bivary because of clanging dstabuicn Include The Auk The Cor Tus, jeunk) pales apd knovledge about the ecu (fan Bll anal of ed Oil. ence bs fur cut purposes wher a fp, and The Wison Bullet Many olher_egong. specs we followed. the Journals focus on specific groupe ef ide Gelons ured to detenmine wheter 8 ‘cr geopapnic regen. Specks shouldbe dude in The Sy wide Family Features ssn gency ced 8 they Ba “et st 1 ims tn the prev fs 25 year As sgace alowed, hw fer sees were ated inet wes at the ato sights a America ae extmy ually to ee Cenmmer these bites) The cident ‘Specs cons in he amily chapters fr ck a intersed oprole ‘eerie ofthe orcmrence oF apes not vere inthe fle guide ene treo ths tk ee ae {iter for cso chef de ‘hee mena te ote ha re ‘bain tin Nex the box provides 2 summary of sit and orang "ets, gencal Instle(tay, brecing. system, ‘psy to mae items mo Incyte he ge at which embry ‘fee fy bet essa soa yung In thew desrpions. anges ‘F mumbers refer to the family ar a Soho thu the late ave age fete Tmnly Yada 1-18 which means thot Some spetes ly asf 5 one ene ‘vi thet ay upto 18 Fil the Bsns ts kw stout how Tong mmber ofthe fry live Far each family we give 2g forthe lds binds reorder Brown stent a al ree ats a ‘he prea ot wee ds eat sure frome yee to he eh ores! Dies Seca not wel st an thst ea. Imsterrye low formany specie or a Frteesson infmation fom only stl roportion of he specs in afm: for lvormation on the maximum ages of Nerth Aesviea as, renders can ve the CS Gelogeal uve ue tending Lay oatay ws wn Fr tied information sbout the bi ogy of indi secs rede can Cnt Fnac the Bid of the Hot line ey Ros nrc sects, So tar nfm for soc spe 10 sven in Te it ark, by a Tic, David. Dobkin, re Day ‘wheye rm and eter, New York TOA), Lice of Roth American Bd by Een kina gti, Nw dan Ness of No American Bis BS Paul. Racktt and Cohn TO. Hareser (secon eatin, Academie Pres. Landon. Conservation Arcane throu this bok + thatthe centinen stints ae 9 lite ff eomerestion plas. Probe the frstet ehalenge facing omnithoogiat foes eters Fone wees emulation decines and prevent once Fanalar species fee becoming extinct "ich farm chapter inthis book pow never of the conservation stat the tly: Some of tes seers ey shor unfortanty, mos: are ite Fen Tn acta Yo proving 3 geet then refetospeiic infomation on the “onecestion of ein sci. nt partic unr, chapters Kenly specks curently lee ge trestoned or endangered net the US Endangered Species Act and in some cases, by egulvalent sate and ronal legtetion. The text abe notes Specs nuded or the Watchlist alist fk spcos that are considered especially Swinerable and petal fare cand fates tor endangered species stig Sporsored bythe onal avdubon So. Cty and Parts. ie Hight, Tc Iss evokes eany 2007, but the com peso of such Ut wil changes the Status ef incvidul spies changes Ups fated tts can be found on he Internet 1 vacant on/tinwath Watch isp and epics gong! US. tiycatence and endangered spies Us).
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