The shroud of Turin : first century after Christ!

436 Pages·2016·0.22 MB·English

by  Conca

Shroud

The
of N
Turin
D
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Shroud

The
of
Turin
FIRST CENTURY AFTER CHRIST!
editors
Preben Maegaard
Giulio Fanti
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz Pierandrea Malfi
With an in-depth study by Marco Conca
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power

for the World
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press
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Version Date: 20150609
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© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
May22,2015 17:7 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Fanti-Malfi-prelims
Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
PARTI DESCRIPTIONANDTRACESOFTHESHEETTHATCHALLENGESSCIENCE
1 TheShroud:AnIdentikit 3
1.1 TheSubjectoftheInvestigation 3
1.2 CurrentLocationandConservation 11
1.3 TheBodyImage:ADescription 15
1.4 BodyImage:TypicalFeatures 19
1.5 HowWastheImageFormed? 25
1.6 BloodMarks 31
1.7 MarksofOtherTortures 38
1.8 TheDepositionoftheManoftheShroud 40
2 HistoricalEvidence 47
2.1 RecordedHistory 47
2.2 TracesfromthePast 52
2.3 TheScientificCentury 70

3 NumismaticInvestigation 81
3.1 TheFirstCoinsofChrist 83
3.2 ExplorationofOtherDepictionsofChrist 90
3.3 ByzantineInfluenceintheWorld 97
3.4 CoinAnalysisoftheFacesofChrist 108
3.5 QuantitativeAnalysisoftheFacesofChrist 125
3.6 CriticsandCountercritics 134
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vi Contents
PARTII THEFASCINATINGDATINGQUEST
4 Radiocarbon“Distraction” 143
4.1 TheCarbon14Method:AnOverview 144
4.2 ApplicationoftheRadiocarbonDatingMethodtothe
Shroud 150
4.3 AResultNonresult 153
5 JourneyofaFlaxThread 163
5.1 JourneyintotheFlaxPlant 164
5.2 FromtheFlaxPlanttoTissue 172
5.3 RecognitionoftheShroudFibersunderthe
Microscope 178
6 InquiriesintoAlternativeChemicalDating 185
6.1 RequirementsofaNewDatingMethod 186
6.2 DatingBasedontheFTIR/ATRMethod 197
6.3 DatingBasedontheRamanMethod 205
7 TheMechanicalMultiparametricDatingMethod 209
7.1 TheBasicIdea 210
7.2 MechanicalAspectsoftheFibers 213
7.2.1 TypeofTestedSpecimens 213
7.2.2 MechanicalDataofTextileFibers 213
7.2.3 MechanicalBehaviorofTextileFibers 215
7.3 ReductionofOtherEnvironmentalEffects 217
7.4 TheTensileTest 223
7.5 MeasurementChallengesandtheAdoptedSolutions 226
7.6 TheMicrocyclingTensileMachine 232
7.7 DataProcessing 235
7.8 Results 241

PARTIII SOMETHINGMOREABOUTTHESHROUD
8 ShroudSamplesSpreadforScientificResearch(byM.Conca) 249
8.1 TheRelics:AnOverview 250
8.2 FindingShroudRelics 250
8.3 TheVaticanIssue:FromtheRelicstotheShroud 267
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Contents vii
8.4 TheRestitutionoftheShroudSampleinPossessionof
GiulioFanti 275
8.5 HistoricalSummaryoftheShroudSamplesAvailable
TodaythroughouttheWorld 278
8.5.1 AncientSamples 279
8.5.2 SamplesTakenin1969–1973 279
8.5.3 SamplesTakenin1978 279
8.5.4 SamplesTakenin1988 280
8.5.5 SamplesTakenin2002 281
9 RecentandFutureDevelopments 283
9.1 NewDatingoftheShroud 284
9.2 OrganicParticles 286
9.3 InorganicParticles 293
9.4 LittleCrustsofBlood 296
9.5 VegetalDNAAnalysis 297
9.6 HumanDNAAnalysis 299
9.7 FutureDevelopments 302
10 AdditionalQuestionsandAnswers 309
10.1 WhatCanthePresenceofSmallCoinsonthe
Shroud’sEyesTellUs? 309
10.2 AreThereAnyInscriptionsontheShroud? 311
10.3 WhatCanBeSaidabouttheHistoricalJourneyof
theShroudAccordingtotheStudyofPollen? 311
10.4 IstheBloodontheShroudHuman,andIsItofthe
ABType? 312
10.5 HowWastheManoftheShroudCrucified? 313
10.6 IstheBodyImageFormedbyPigmentSubstances? 315
10.7 WhyIstheBodyImageontheShroudNot

Reproducible? 316
10.8 WastheHeightoftheShroudManinLinewith
HistoricalTimes? 316
10.9 HowOldIstheManoftheShroud?IsHeReally
33YearsOld? 317
10.10WhatIstheRelationship,ifAny,betweenthe
ShroudandtheSudariumofOviedo? 318
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viii Contents
10.11WhatIstheRelationshipwiththeHolyFaceofthe
ManoppelloVeil? 319
10.12WhatIstheRelationshipwiththeTilmaof
Guadalupe? 320
10.13WhatDifferentiatestheShroudfromOtherImages
NotMadebyHumanHand? 322
10.14Whataboutthe1988RadiocarbonDating?Three
AccreditedLaboratoriesPublishedTheirFindings
intheFamousJournalNature,and24Scientists
SignedtheDocument.HowCanTheyAllBeWrong? 323
10.15DoestheEnergyThatPresumablyProducedthe
BodyImageComefromtheEnvelopedBody? 324
10.16IstheConservationStateoftheTurinShroud
CompatiblewithItsPresumedAgeof2000Years? 325
10.17WastheBurialProcedureResultingfromthe
ShroudinLinewiththeJewishTraditionofIts
PresumableAge? 326
10.18WastheUseofaShroudCommonattheTime? 326
10.19CouldScienceExplainEverythingoftheShroud
Tomorrow? 327
10.20WhyDotheGospelsMakeNoMentionoftheBody
ImageImpressedontheShroud? 328
10.21HowComeThattheBodyImageIsStillSoWell
DefinedafterAllTheseCenturies? 329
10.22DoestheImageontheShroudAgreewiththe
HypothesisThatItIstheImageofJesus? 329
10.23HowCanBeExplainedtothePilgrimstheDebate
ontheShroudOfferedbyMedia? 331
10.24Finally,WhatCanBeSaidabouttheShroud? 331
Conclusion 335

Appendix:NotesforMoreInterestedReaders 341
A.1 Cap.1:ExhibitionoftheHolyShroudin2015 341
A.2 Cap.1:The187PeculiarCharacteristicsofthe
ShroudImage 345
A.3 Cap.3:ProbabilityCalculation 372
A.4 Cap.5:TheCellulose 374
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Contents ix
A.5 Cap.5:TheOtherFundamentalSubstancesinPlant
Fibers 377
A.6 Cap.5:TheInternalStructureofaFlaxFiber 378
A.7 Cap.5:The3–1Shroud’sWeavingTechnique 381
A.8 Cap.5:TheCross-PolarizedLightTechnique 383
A.9 Cap.7:ElasticityandPlasticity 387
A.10 Cap.7:ForceMeasuringFeasibilitywithan
AnalyticalBalance 389
A.11 Cap.7:MetrologicalProblemsandCalibration 392
A.12 Cap.7:ExperimentalTensileTests 395
A.13 Cap.7:Definitionsofthe7MeasuredMechanical
Parameters 398
A.14 Cap.9:ListofthePlantSpeciesfromDNAAnalysis 404
Bibliography 407
Index 421

© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC