The Shaping Of Modern France; Writings On French History Since 1715 PDF
Preview The Shaping Of Modern France; Writings On French History Since 1715
The Shaping of M ODERN FRANCE Edited by JAMES FRIGUGLIETTI The University of Rochester and EMMET KENNEDY Kent State University Introduction by CRANE BRINTON Harvard University The Macmillan Company THE SHAPING OF MODERN FRANCE WRITINGS ON FRENCH HISTORY SINCE 1715 Collier-Macmillan Limited, London © Copyright, The Macmillan Company, 1969 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without per mission in writing from the Publisher. First Printing Library of Congress catalog card number: 69-10541 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY COLLIER-MACMILLAN CANADA, LTD., TORONTO, ONTARIO Printed in the United States of America Preface zsm/i) Numerous texts have been written to explain French history to Americans, but anyone who has studied or taught the subject at the college level realizes that the standard textbook approach is far from satisfactory. No single book can treat all aspects of modern French history in depth; no one author can be master of the many complex problems of interpretation involved. The Shaping of Modern France is designed to remedy this shortcoming by offering the student a large collection of narrative and interpretive writings by specialists in their fields and taken from a variety of sources, many of which were previously unavailable to the general reader. Almost half of the material was edited from scholarly journals, and more than a third of the selections were translated from the French originals. Arranged chronologically and topically, the chapters may thus be used to supplement any text or even be read independently. The introduction to each chapter ties the selections together, interprets the character of the given period or movement, and indicates problems of interpretation. The “Suggestions for Further Reading” at the end of each chapter offers a guide to wider study. An index is included to facilitate reference. For reasons of space, the editors have had to eliminate most of the original footnotes, but they have added explanatory notes when necessary and have translated all passages in French. All deletions in the text are indicated by ellipses. James Friguglietti is responsible for Chapters Four, Six, Eight, Nine, Ten, Fourteen, Fifteen, Sixteen, Seventeen, and Eighteen; Emmet Kennedy is responsible for Chapters One, Two, Three, Five, Seven, Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, and Nineteen. In preparing this volume, the editors have had the assistance of many individuals. They are especially grateful to Miss Louise Apfelbaum, Hans D. Kellner, Miss Nancy Marcolla, Miss Ann New, Charles L. Noyes, Robert Pawlowski, and John S. Whitehead for the translations which appear with their names in the footnote acknowledgments; to Mrs. Jane M. Kennedy and Hans D. Kellner for helping to prepare the manuscript; to James McMahon, Joseph Werne, and Claudia Schulte for their valuable proof reading assistance; to M. Gérard Regnier of the Louvre Museum for suggestions incorporated into the introductions to Chapters Twelve and vi PREFACE Nineteen; to Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Kennedy for their helpful editorial suggestions and proofreading ; to Professor Norman F. Cantor, whose book The English Tradition supplied a model for this work; and to the late Profes sor Crane Brinton for his interest and encouragement in this project from the time of its inception. J.F. E. K. Contents o w i INTRODUCTION BY CRANE BRINTON C hapter O ne: SOCIAL CLASSES UNDER THE OLD REGIME 6 Introduction 8 FRANKLIN L. FORD Robe and Sword, the Regrouping of the French Aristocracy After Louis XIV 12 ALBERT GOODWIN A Re-evaluation of the “Aristocratic Revolt” l 8 GEORGE V. TAYLOR Capitalist and Proprietary Wealth and the Definition of the Bourgeoisie 25 GEORGES LEFEBVRE The Peasantry on the Eve of the French Revolution 30 MAURICE G. HUTT Ideas of Reform Among the French Lower Clergy, 1787-1789 33 Suggestions for Further Reading C hapter Two: THE ENLIGHTENMENT 36 Introduction 38 CRANE BRINTON Desertion of Intellectuals and Nobles as a Pre-Revolutionary Phenomenon 42 PETER GAY The Philosophes and Their Environment 47 R. R. PALMER The French Jesuits in the Age of Enlightenment 53 EVERETT C. LADD, JR. The Political Philosophy of Helvétius and d’Holbach 58 HENRI PEYRE The Influence of Eighteenth-Century Ideas on the French Revolution • • VU • •• vin CONTBNTS 63 DURAND ECHEVERRIA The Image and Influence of America in the French Enlightenment 67 Suggestions for Further Reading C hapter T hree: THE DECLINE OF THE OLD REGIME AND THE DEBACLE OF FRENCH FOREIGN POLICY 70 Introduction 71 G. P. GOOCH Louis XV : The Monarchy in Decline 74 ALBERT SOREL The Diplomatic Revolution and the Debacle of French Foreign Policy 78 ALPHONSE AULARD France and the Financing of the American Revolution 82 ALFRED COBBAN The Parlements of France in the Eighteenth Century 87 DOUGLAS DAKIN Turgot and the Fate of His Six Edicts 93 ERNEST LABROUSSE The Fiscal and Economic Crises at the End of the Ancien Régime 97 Suggestions for Further Reading C hapter Four: FRANCE MAKES A REVOLUTION 100 Introduction 102 GEORGE RUDÉ Why Was There a Revolution in France ? IIO ALBERT SOBOUL The “Mainspring of the Revolution”: The Paris Sans-culottes 120 ALBERT GOODWIN The Directory — A Revaluation 130 Suggestions for Further Reading C hapter Five: THE COUNTERREVOLUTION 134 Introduction 136 EMMANUEL VINGTRINIER Counterrevolutionary Politics : The Emigration and Intrigues of the Princes I4I ANDRÉ LATREILLE The Church and the Counterrevolution CONTENTS ix 146 CHARLES TILLY A Sociological Analysis of Counterrevolution: The Vendée 152 HARVEY MITCHELL Counter-revolutionary Espionage: Francis Drake and the Comte d’Antraigues 157 JACQUES GODECHOT Counterrevolutionary Terror 161 PAUL H. BEIZ Counter-revolutionary Thought 165 Suggestions for Further Reading C hapter Six: NAPOLEONIC IMPERIALISM 168 Introduction 170 GEORGES LEFEBVRE Napoleon Seizes Control of the Revolution 176 FELIX MARKHAM Napoleonic Imperialism at Its Zenith: The Grand Empire and the Continental System 183 LOUIS MADELIN The Spirit of the Napoleonic System 189 HANS KOHN Napoleon and the Age of Nationalism 193 Suggestions for Further Reading C hapter Seven: THE RESTORATION AND FALL OF THE BOURBONS 196 Introduction 197 GEORGES LACOUR-GAYET Talleyrand at the Congress of Vienna 201 FREDERICK B. ARTZ The Electoral System in France During the Bourbon Restoration, 1815-1830 207 GUILLAUME DE BERTIER DE SAUVIGNY French Society Under the Restoration 212 VINCENT W. BEACH Charles X, Polignac, and the Application of Article XIV of the Charter 217 DAVID H. PINKNEY A New Look at the French Revolution of 1830 222 Suggestions for Further Reading X CONTENTS C hapter E ight: BOURGEOIS MONARCHY AND DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 226 Introduction 228 JEAN LHOMME Bourgeois Supremacy During the July Monarchy 235 DOUGLAS JOHNSON A Reconsideration of Guizot 242 ALBERT J. GEORGE The Romantic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in France 248 PETER AMANN The Changing Outlines of 1848 255 ANDRÉ-JEAN TUDESQ The Napoleonic Legend in France in 1848 262 Suggestions for Further Reading C hapter N ine: “SOCIALISM” AND “CAESARISM” : THE DOMESTIC POLICIES OF THE SECOND EMPIRE 264 Introduction 265 GEORGES PRADALIÉ The Economic Transformation of France Under the Second Empire 273 HENDRIK BOON The Social and Economic Policies of the Emperor 282 MARCEL PRÉLOT The Constitutional Significance of the Second Empire 291 THEODORE ZELDIN The Myth of Napoleon III 296 Suggestions for Further Reading C hapter Ten: “THE EMPIRE MEANS PEACE” : THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE SECOND EMPIRE 300 Introduction 302 LOUIS GIRARD The Second Empire and Italian Unity 309 j. p. T. BURY “The Great Idea of the Reign” : The Mexican Expedition 314 LYNN M. CASE Napoleon III and the Austro-Prussian War 323 MICHAEL E. HOWARD “Red Rag” and “Gallic Bull” : The Hohenzollem Candidature 330 Suggestions for Further Reading
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