The Serotonin System: History, Neuropharmacology, and Pathology PDF
Preview The Serotonin System: History, Neuropharmacology, and Pathology
T S S HE EROTONIN YSTEM T S S HE EROTONIN YSTEM History, Neuropharmacology, and Pathology Edited by MARK D. TRICKLEBANK Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom EILEEN DALY Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopment Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, United Kingdom AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-813323-1 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiLevy AcquisitionEditor:JoslynChaiprasert-Paguio EditorialProjectManager:TracyI.Tufaga ProductionProjectManager:BharatwajVaratharajan CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Dedication I would like to dedicate this volume to Dr John Fozard and Professor Gerald Curzon, both of whom had unexpected confidence in me at an early stage without whose influence I would not have had the privilege of having a scientific career. I am deeply grateful to both of them. Mark D. Tricklebank October 31, 2018 List of Contributors JohanAlsiö DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom; MRCandWellcomeTrustBehaviouralandClinicalNeuroscienceInstitute,Universityof Cambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom SebastianF.A.Axelsson DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom; MRCandWellcomeTrustBehaviouralandClinicalNeuroscienceInstitute,Universityof Cambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom PhilipJ.Cowen DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdom EileenDaly DepartmentofForensicandNeurodevelopmentalSciences,InstituteofPsychiatry, PsychologyandNeuroscience,King’sCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom DianaC.Esquivel-Franco DepartmentofNeurobiology,BehaviouralNeuroscienceUnit,GroningenInstitutefor EvolutionaryLifeSciences,UniversityofGroningen,TheNetherlands;Departmentof CellBiologyandPhysiology,BiomedicalResearchInstitute,NationalAutonomous UniversityofMexico,Mexico CatherineJ.Harmer DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdom DanielHoyer DepartmentofPharmacologyandTherapeutics,SchoolofBiomedicalSciences,Facultyof Medicine,DentistryandHealthSciences,TheUniversityofMelbourne,Parkville,VIC, Australia;TheFloreyInstituteofNeuroscienceandMentalHealth,TheUniversityof Melbourne,Parkville,VIC,Australia;DepartmentofMolecularMedicine,TheScripps ResearchInstitute,LaJolla,CA,UnitedStates MonicaR.Leslie SectionofEatingDisorders/PsychologicalMedicine,InstituteofPsychiatry,Psychology andNeuroscience,King’sCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom DanielMartins DepartmentofNeuroimaging,InstituteofPsychiatry,PsychologyandNeuroscience, King’sCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom MitulA.Mehta DepartmentofNeuroimaging,InstituteofPsychiatry,Psychology&Neuroscience,King’s CollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom SimonR.O.Nilsson NeuroscienceInstitute,NewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter,NewYork,NY,United States;DepartmentofNeuroscienceandPhysiology,NewYorkUniversityMedical Center,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates xiii xiv ListofContributors BerendOlivier DepartmentofNeurobiology,BehaviouralNeuroscienceUnit,GroningenInstitutefor EvolutionaryLifeSciences,UniversityofGroningen,TheNetherlands;Departmentof Psychopharmacology,UtrechtInstituteforPharmaceuticalSciences,UtrechtUniversity, TheNetherlands;DepartmentofPsychiatry,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine,New Haven,CT,UnitedStates JocelienD.A.Olivier DepartmentofNeurobiology,BehaviouralNeuroscienceUnit,GroningenInstitutefor EvolutionaryLifeSciences,UniversityofGroningen,TheNetherlands MarijaM.Petrinovic DepartmentofForensicandNeurodevelopmentalSciences,InstituteofPsychiatry, PsychologyandNeuroscience,King’sCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom;The SacklerInstituteforTranslationalNeurodevelopment,InstituteofPsychiatry,Psychology andNeuroscience,King’sCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom;MRCCentrefor NeurodevelopmentalDisorders,King’sCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom BenjaminU.Phillips DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom; MRCandWellcomeTrustBehaviouralandClinicalNeuroscienceInstitute,Universityof Cambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom IvanaRosenwieg DepartmentofNeuroimaging,InstituteofPsychiatry,PsychologyandNeuroscience, KingsCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom MarkD.Tricklebank CentreforNeuroimagingSciences,InstituteofPsychiatryPsychologyandNeuroscience, King’sCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom CarlosM.Villalón DepartmentofPharmacobiology,Cinvestav-Coapa,MexicoCity,Mexico MarcelD.Waldinger DepartmentofPharmacologyandPhysiology,DrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicine, Philadelphia,PA,UnitedStates RobertWichers DepartmentofForensicandNeurodevelopmentalSciences,InstituteofPsychiatry, PsychologyandNeuroscience,King’sCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom TarekZghoul DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdom Editors’ Biography Dr Mark D. Tricklebank, BSc, MSc, PhD, DSc, FBphS, earned his PhD from the University of Manchester, and after completing postdoctoral train- ing at the Institute of Neurology, he joined the pharmaceutical company Merrell Dow in Strasbourg, where he was instrumental in the identification ofthefunctionalrelevanceofthenewlyidentified5-HT1Arecognitionsite. He then moved to Merck at Terlings Park, where he worked with Susan Iversen to identify the behavioral effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and showed them to be identical to those of phencyclidine and ketamine. Thereafter serving as head of the Mental Health Unit at Sandoz Pharma in Basel, he was appointed director of In Vivo Pharmacology at the Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, where he conceived and founded the LillyCentreforCognitiveNeuroscience,oneofthefirstindustrial-academic partnerships in the United Kingdom. Aftera variedcareer of several decades in the pharmaceutical industry, he now serves as a Wellcome Trust Fellow in the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King’s CollegeLondon,andhaspublishedmorethan160papers. DrEileenDaly,PhD,isaSeniorLecturerintheDepartmentofForensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences at King’s College London. When at the National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, USA, she mea- sured neurotransmitter metabolites in human CSF and rodent brain. RelocatingtotheInstituteofPsychiatryinLondon,shecompletedherPhD in Developmental Neuroscience with a project using Acute Tryptophan Depletion to modulate serotonin in Autism Spectrum Disorder, and then looking at the brain with fMRI. She continues to study the role of neurotransmitters in developmental disorders and is the author of more than 100papers. xv Preface Serotonin first became my mistress whilst studying for a masters in neuro- chemistry at the Institute of Psychiatry when I visited the lab of Gerald Curzon at the Institute of Neurology looking for a student project with him. As a graduate in psychology and biochemistry I was somewhat disap- pointed that the emphasis on understanding the biochemistry of mental disorder that I had hoped for was missing from the course. There seemed to be much more interest in the control of respiration cycles, that is, the brain was treated as an extension of the liver. But Gerald introduced me to the metabolism of serotonin. When he opened a store cupboard to reveal trays of little brown bottles which on careful examination I found to contain lysergic acid diethylamide, my heart leapt with excitement. The project was exactly what I was looking for: this was 1971 after all. It felt somewhat uncanny that serotonin had been discovered in the year of my birth. And even more uncanny that I would one day work for the Company Sandoz where Hoffman had first extracted LSD from rye mold in a city where each year on April 19th they celebrate Hoffman’s 1943 finding with Bicycle day. My Mentor at Sandoz was the cardiovascular pharmacologist John Fozard with whom I had worked a few years earlier at Merrell-Dow in Strasbourgand in whose group I met my second mis- tress, 8-OHDPAT and enjoyed a menage a trois with the 5-Ht1A recep- tor and serotonin in a relationship remarkable for its longevity and scientific relevance. I thank the Wellcome Trust and Professor Steven Williams for supporting my return to the Institute of Psychiatry, where I am focused on understanding the role of 5-HT1A receptors in the control of the release of oxytocin in the hope that they might be repurposed for the treatment of disorders associated with impaired social cognition such as Autism Spectrum disorders. Mark D. Tricklebank, August 2018 xvii CHAPTERONE The metabolism of indoleamines Mark D. Tricklebank and Daniel Martins DepartmentofNeuroimaging,InstituteofPsychiatry,PsychologyandNeuroscience,King’sCollege London,London,UnitedKingdom Introduction The history of the discovery of serotonin is described in a detailed and quite excellent way by Patricia Whitaker Azmitia [1(cid:1)4] in an article published in Neuropsychopharmacology in 1999. Recognizing that cardiovas- cular disease was the overriding cause of premature death in the 1930s and 1940s, biological and pharmaceutical research was heavily concen- trated on the discovery of the causes of hypertension and heart disease. The serotonin story begins with the Italian Vittorio Erspamer who focused his life’s work on the isolation of drugs from natural sources. He particularly concentrated on nitrogenous substances causing the contrac- tion of smooth muscle that can be found in the skin and intestines of a variety of small animals. In the process, he found one substance in the enterochromaffin cells of mammalian gut which he called enteramine [5]. Its potential functional importance was amplified to him when he discov- ered the same compound in the salivary glands of the octopus. In 1952, enteramine was established as the same muscle contractant that Twarog and Page [6] had identified in clotted blood and that they called serotonin (tonic substance in serum, hence serotonin). Serotonin was later identified chemically as 5-hydroxytryptamine by Rapport, Green, and Page [6]. Serotonin was then found by Betty Twarog to be present in both rodent and human brains. However, the detailed architecture of its cell bodies and projection fields had to wait for Falk and Hillarp to develop their fluo- rescence histochemical technique in order to probe and demonstrate its extensive distribution in brain tissue [7]. It was immediately seen to be concentrated very selectively within the large multipolar neurons of the midline raphe cells first noticed by Ramon and Cajal [8]. Once its chemi- cal structure was determined as 5-hydroxytryptamine (Fig. 1.1), a major TheSerotoninSystem. ©2019ElsevierInc. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813323-1.00001-3 Allrightsreserved. 1
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