The Sentences: Book 2: On Creation

274 Pages·2008·42.594 MB·English

by  Peter Lombard

*,*.
%
-or%,+
rtheplus^el sonrcos ru Jreuslullou 3[
da,Jgu lolngvuo
,ol
,s )olia&a
Jt,Dusl0t!ous IHa s7.r\1.Jg{t2gs
gooxz: ou Sreeuou
Jreuslelep q(,
DrnTro srTY{fo
VT I{iSJIJIIJS OC SJNICIES
IhECIVEAYI-
This book has been published with the help of a gtant
from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences,
through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Progranune, Cont
using funds provided by the Social Sciences and
Humanities Research Council of Canada-
lntroduction
Chapter Hea«lings
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Peter Lonrb;ri
l: I
Book
Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris, ca. 1 100- 1 160
j
The Senrences / Peter Lombard ; translated by Giulio Silano- Distinction I
Distinction tt \
(Mediaeval sources in translation, ISSN 03 1 6-0814 ; Q-a3) Distinction ttt 1-
Distinction tv ,IT
(Saint Michael's College mediaeval translations) )
Translation of: Sententiae in IV libris distinctae. Distinction v 1iI
Includes bibliographical references and index. Distinction vl
Bk. 1. The mystery of the Trinity - bk. 2. On creation. Distinction vlt _--
rsBN 978-0-88844- 292-s (bk. 1 ).-rsBN 978-0-88 844-293-2 (bk. 2) Distinction vxltt Jjr-1
Distinction
1. God-Early works to 1800. 2. God-Attributes-Early works to 1800. Distinction x f-f
3. Trinity-Early works to 1800 .4. Catholic Church-Doctrines-Early Distinction xl it-
works to 1800. 5. Theology-Early works to 1800. I. Silano, Giulio, 1955- Distinction xtt .:e
jj
II. pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies III. Title. IV. Series. V. Series. Distinction xttl
Distinction xlv ir
Distinction xv 6i
R7 6s.P33S46 2007 23t c2006 -901006-7
Distinction xvl f,x
Distinction xvtl
Distinction xvlll -t,
@ zooa Distinction XIX ,\.
RePrinted 2010 Distinction xx \f,
Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies Distinction xxl v)
59 Queen's Park Crescent East Distinction xxll 9-
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C4
PRINTED TN CANADA Bibliography
English translations of lt'orks . :-
Index of Scriptural and Patristic Au::-
'l$d,
"r&t
'r;&'
..r ::{.r tqa {'tald oJe 8reul
j:-:jr?urues eup socleI soreuces'
:' ' :,-.:...-ruous 4roSreunue' Souleuls
- - : §,. :':: srrauJes uup
- - - , .-- ::. tJ JBuepe'
lulJopnJlrou ^ll
3qndtar Heepru8s XXXA
pE JElEloSnruS ru dnqllcBllou
deleJ Toruqe;p' lqe saurauJas
goo{ z: ou Sreelrou
:-- . -:: :: .:.' 3:nllo srleuo' lclsllus]rou I € lclsllus]lou XXIII t0h
JCIslluslrou II B IClsllusllou XXIA rif
l(Islluollou III tZ lclsllucllou XXA t {9
JClsllucllou IA t8 clslruslrou XXAI t z{
-i--* -_-: JCIslluJllou A ZI clslrusllou XXAII t sr
'-'l l ,' ICIslrucllou ^I Zf lclsllucllou XXAIII TB€
: _ * :::.1--lr-.'' Jcrsllucllou AII Z/ lclsllusllou xxlx tte
,' --\- -'iiiff-a6t-z )qr'z( ICIslIuClIOu AIII CCCC lclsllusllou xxx th§
Jcrslrus]rou tx 'B Olsllusllou XXXI TSS
:- ; -* :-,rs-lrr1( \\ or{s to 1800' JCIslIuslIou x fI lclsllucllou XXXII t 9B
- ': '_ - -ir i-,-goftuuäs-gepÄ IClslrusllou XI t§ ClstluJllou XXXIII t9t
,-- i r-L'i qIIEuo'clnllo' 16§§- l(rslruclrou XII S'6' clsllUJlIou XrXIA t/0
.li
:'- ( -1,:l:'l\^'ssrres'A'serras' ICISlIusllOu XIII clslruclrou XXXA ttf
IClsllusllou XIA tI lclsllusllou XXXAI tB0
f2009-601009-L J(ISlIuslIOu XA 9t lclsllucllou XXXAII tB9
lclsllucllou XAI 9B IClsllusllou XXXAIII t60
clsllucllou XAII /t lclsllu3llou xxxlx 16§
\ IClsllu3llou XAIII /9 ICIslrucllou XI- t6B
clslluslrou xlx 8I JCIsllusllou xlI z0e
:.,
JCIslIuJlIou xx 89 IClslluslIou XI-II e0/
,'i ::-:-. . l, §lnpISs clsllucllou XXI 6Z IClsllusllou XI-III eI t
i -'..1:*- flsl I(lsllusllou XXII 6t lclslruslrou XI'IA CIS
-:-. -: :l i'i -_ s -'lt
glqloEredq(,
gu8lrsq treuslulrous oJ \norls Jrlep ru gooI Z zt6
lupax of scrrdlnrul Bup dulrrslrc vnlqoulres zt€
.rilH%i*'
IrNJuorcnSJrort
Vs uolep ru lqe JulJopnclrou lo lqe lJeuslelrou oJgoo{ I oJlqe gau1aucas'
ll rs onJ ^re 4, llrsl deleJ I-ouqBJp(s {^oJ{ rs qesl Jesp es rJrl \^.eJo u€ elo-
8ons 1o e le8e1 ceseqool utoupep Jor lqo lreruruS ogexdaus', V gem 9J
lqeut rt,onlp qaooure eJepeurro lqeoloSruus' lqon8q uosl r,onlp qäcoute
leepeJs ru lqä Jqnrcq. Jqe ^eJrop JnuJlrous 10 mqlcq tqs(, \y/onlp qa cullep
\!/onlp uorruell(, luclnpo sorue draecqruS uup 1eecqru8' qnt tqaÄ \v/onlp "lso
qa paedyÄ ru^ol^op ru lqo 8o^eJu€ure oJlqerJ coururnurlres' r,qelqeJ eccIe-
sr?slrJul oJ sacnler. 1qeÄ un8ql rnle prJecll^' us deslors' ugqols' dresrpruS
oJgcoJs oJcoururnullrss, edrscodel uup dedel oJgcrps' oJ eleu Bs qrsqods
; -- stirnr uru t]rlln' €up dodes. oJ lqa(,un8ql ussrsl ecolesruslrc"I ?up secnluJ JnleJs es lqerJ
: I 3, 1,1-loSo douo' ep^rsoJs. lu eII lqese ^eJrep Jolos' lqe gup ogprscrdlruep Jegoclrou ou l{ro
:: ;: ir \ ltE q3llE,, JqJrslruu lJ?prlrou \^qrsq lqe sautauzas oJdeleJ ToruqeJp cuuourzap ^\,s€
ruc;eesru8lÄ lqon8q 1o qe nseJnI eup uecessgr(.' Vu nupeJsleupruS oJ lqe
3rae1 prnarsrl(, oJ Jnuclrous {\,qlJlr luopre^eI slnpeuls oJ 1lr3 ts2utau»s Jnl-
: oJ ut EJJoJu'
gr11ep ue(, lrald lqe uropeJu reupeJ lo Jnllr^?le B qoliaJ eddreorelrou oJtqo
r :*:rFrua delsure \^or{ rlsoIJ
--'l * fr-r Ep OJe ep OJe Iu lqe UJs} qoo{ oJqrs gau|aucas' deloJ JoruqBJp qup nupeue{ou lo
- -:: i,.l..UL S,SlleUIe exdlora ru e sleruurerruS rt,eÄi es qe qrusel3 ruprtacll(, ecl>uo\.4,lep8ep' lqe
ruÄsleuas og gop,s nurlf eup 1rrur1(,i_ \^rlq less qssrlelrou' ru lqrs seooup
:- :_ -;_' i;-8s( goo{ q3 lnJus lo lqe JousrpeJl€rou oJ cJäelnJss' Jqe gool soures 10 ns
pr^rpop rulo Jou^-JonJ Jcrslruclrous' ru lqe UJsl oJ \^qrsq d3leJ sols onl B
peJrurlrou oJ JJaslrou ?up doupeJs lqe Jsesous $rqlcq gop rue{, qe^e qBp
JoJ ouSe8ruS ru rl. vu8ols. lqerJ 3l.eulrou' uelnts' ;u11' Jeuäs' eup urrurs-
tJros ?re lqe snqlecl oJI(rslruclrous z-II'lcrslruslrous Iz-l§ sal onl Bu
rJgEl lulJopnctrou elso 3orr}etuep E qrreJ o^3r^re(1 oJ dälar.s lIJs ?up \r,oJ{' 3
prscnssrou oJllra ue1n;e eup dnrdoses oglqe sautauoas es e |,qole'eup e snuruer(,og
lqä couleuls oJBooI l. J{re seJrons reepeJ oJdeteJ J-oruqeJp ru guSlrsq rvrr11 \rr,eul rto
cousnll lqe ur?8rsrarluI srnpf oJI lercre l. Jollsq'datat.. TouqDtp'Z ^ol' )A'f' BUll:
I-orpeu. Notr,.^orI. Joyo8ua. 166y(. JJru tqe uoles qelor,I prse8rao rrrrlq e ger,rsupru8s
og4a1a:q(,,follsq'tqrs on8qt uor lo qe lureu es päurel oJl{ro 8r.ee1 r,elne oJqer.stnpf'
deurcn1el.1Ä ru sellruB deleJ.s toecqru8s ru lqe Jouloxl oJlqe scqool peq?les oJqrs lrrue'
ge: drouael.ruB eup lqoron8q exeur{urtrou oJ doleJ.s lqon8ql rs eu ruprsdeuseqle
räJeJeuce (/orl Jor tqä gu8lrsq rouper. V nsoJnI u€ p eu8uSruS rulropnclrou lo deter.s
lrJe urrp tqon8ql. niqrcq corudleueuls Colrsq.s u.roJe snqsl?ulrel ri lN,oer.\1^' rs d{rllldd \A'
1oseueuu. rda/a/ I.ouqDrp )gxgorp nurr,e;srg{, 4ress: oxJorp eup ^otl>' 200ü('
.see goo) I d' gt'
viii I THrSmrrarcrs,Boor2
joinci
hexaemeron, or an account of the six days of creation as described in ln regard to why God :;-.
Genesis. The next three Distinctions concentrate on the creation of man p lace it in a less worthy state. P c:; -
and woman, and the following two discuss the state of human beings before sirnply that God willed it. and ht> .'. -
their sinful fall, including their manner of procreation. Distinctions2l-29, sccond cause was to heartell hut:-":
organized around the fall, are devoted to human psychology, freedom of union which is between God ani .-- -:
chäice, and grace. In Distinctions 30-33 the focus is on original sin, its thermore, to serve God in a bt-'u'. ->
transmission by the current mode of procreation, its remission in baptism. deserving of a greater cro\\ n in ii-- :
And the Book concludes in Distinctions 34-44 wirh a detailed analysis of
actual sin and how it occurs by free choice in the diminished condition of On Angels and the l(orks o./ tit.' 5 '
human freedom after the fall. For all the dignity which Petcr .i)--
In a Book devoted to creatures, it is perfectly sensible for Peter to be- ru'rrläifi "the worthier creaturu' t ; i
gin by presenting his view of creation itself. In a work meant for people of bc-fore man. And yet, perhaps cr)n:^:-" -
iaith, it is equally unsurprising that he should distance himself from phil- dignity, and despite (becäusc- r-r:'' ' !
osophers and their ponderings on this issue, particularly insofar as these Pc'ter insists that angels were crc;:;.
seem to detract from the clarity ofScripture's description ofthe Creator's in tirne (dist . 2 ccl -3), and both ',\ J:
free, unique, and sovereign initiative. And so he begins with a rejection nratter would be formed in thc' ct-\ ul>-
of Plato's view of creation as inconsistent with divine creation ex nihilo bc'came fully formed only b) th'-;r '
(dist. 1 cl). creation from nothing is what distinguishes God from men At their creation, ange ls rr- c -- - ..
and angels; were God simply an artificer, he would not be qualitatively u-re ?turely rationality, and a tir'.- ,;.
different from other artificers (c2). Furthermore, artificers make things by rnade, they might turn tou''ard g.' ,: -
a motion or change in themselves, which cannot be predicated of the un- rhey all received these endo\\ nlt::>
changeable God. Hence it is improper even to speak of God creating ceived them equallyl as there is c.::
things as if anew; by divine creation, things come to be because it has rnes, even before the fall, so it S---'.--
always been in God's eternal will that it should be so (c3 nnl-4). And this from one another in a manner Sul-;l
happens because of the goodness of God's will, which has decreed from the fineness of their nature. thr' l--I
all eternity that others ought to become sharers in that blessedness which tl'e edom of their wi11. On thess- itl:: .:
is God's from all eternity and which can be shared without diminution srounded the eventual hierarciri '-
(c3 n5). Because it can only be shared through the intelligence, God cre- .lor,ved are not thereby made \\ ü;:'.
ated the rational creature, able to understand the highest good, to love it rü) nn4-5). The discernmeni t-ri ;:.:
by understanding, to possess it by love, to enjoy it by possession (c4 n1). cised by God alone (c3).
Rational creatures are either incorporeal or corporeal, that is, angels Angels were created good .:r--
or human beings, both of whom were created by God's goodness so that choice. They were just by thc iil:-.,,
they might praise, serve, and enjoy God (c4 nn2-4). And this service is for practice of virtue. But they \\ L-r.- il-.
their own utility, since God has no need of it (c4 n5). The world, in turn, sin, and it was by the exercise t-r: -:
was made to serve man (c4 n6). Such is the dignity of human persons that nrained steadfast (c4). They' \\ ürr' .:.
all things (including God) might be said to be theirs, and even the angels dorn and love to make this cht-ric-' s
are sometime said to serve them (c4 n7). As for the view that man was At their creation, the angelr \\ ;rr
made to make up for the fallen angels, Peter does not approve of it-at there can be no misery without >.1i.
least not in the sense that humans would not have been created, if some of
the angels had not fallen (c5). As to whether they were perttct ;. .
ä /'d"da#
ur
,1!,\"",
I
lutt,opncttou rx
: i-,- :r.,s OJ JJaUIIOU US peSCJIqep IU 1u re8erp 1o mqÄ gop loruap tqe sonI to e qop(,' tqar"eqÄ seeunuS lo
-i t'--,Lt:ulJela ou lqe SJeullou oJ utuu dlec e 1t ru u less r,r,ouqÄ s1e1e' 4e1er usseus lqel lqe gJsl cn€ se oJ lqls Is
: :: - s s tqa stele oJ qnuruu qeru8s qeJoJo srud1(,tqel Dop \y/rllep U'uup qrs \!,III ls uot lo qa bnerrep )c9 uu1-7(' lqe
--: :.- , .dio fJaetlou' olslluo]lous Z I -26' soooup ounse \!/es lo qeuueu qnu"ulDup q{, d;orrrpruS eu exuurdle o;tqe
- -'-.t :'t, {Lnureu dsÄcqoloE(r' :3r-oopout oJ nurou \^qrcq rs qeu^oeu 9op eup qrs OJoBtnrä ru e1erur1Ä )c9 uug-7(' gnr-
a - : a ilrJ loJns rs ou orr8ruel slu' lls lqeJutoJe, lo seJle gop ru € qopÄ rs u.roJe perueupruS ru lqls IIJa eup so
- :- - ii:ellourls Jeurrssrou q qedlrsru' peserr,ruä og e 8raeler JJo\^u ru lqo uexl )cg ug('
-'.- " ;1-ff \\ llq u pelerlep euelÄsrs o3
'. :-_ ..: lu lqa pluFursqep souprlrou oJ gu yuBals oup lqa 41ot.1ts ottqa 94 qots
dor "II tqa pr8urlÄ \^qrcq deleJ usJJrqes lo lqe qnuuu coupllrou' eu8els
': . ;::+rtli sausrqle Jor do]er 10 qa- reururu ,,lqe \^ouqreJ c;ee1n:e.. )cg ug(' uup so tqeÄ \!,III qe JousrpsJep
- ::-"-: iu E \\.oJl> uteeu] JoJ deodle og qeJoJä u{u€ ' yup Äs1'dsrqeds coutrunruS qls qlp Jor llrs €sseurou oJ{rnuruu
- :. .- , r'p plsteuoo ltlwselJ ;rour dqll- pr8urlÄ' uup pesdrle )qecense oga( cougrclruS "nlqoJrlros ou lqo snqlecl'
i {{-3' der.ttcnler"l(,rusoJuJ eS lqese detOJ rusrsls lqel eu8als me;a cJauläp loSelqer rvrrlq drluor-prel urelleJ eup
: -';: -j : . s pasrrrdlrou oJ lqe JJOBIoJ6 s ru lrue )plsl. Z ccl-[(' uup qotq \r,ere Joruless ndou cJoelrou' dJruroJpruI
-= '\j'p so qs qe8rus \!/llq u refecllou utelleJ \^onlp qe JoJurap ru lqe conJse oJlqa srx pu(,s oacreelroul lqe eu8els
_ i .-:.ui \\ rlir pr\,ru3 cJeelrou ax ulqllo qscerua gn11(, ;or.urep op(, q( tqerr, couAäJsrou to\^eJp gop lu 1or,e )cg('
: . 'r. -i?1 plstlu8nrsqes Dop ;rour urou Vt lgerJ croelrou' eu8els Jäcär^ep B srudle esseuce' dar.souqoop' u
:- :-
:r.:-' ua \\ onlp uo] qe bnu11te1rns1Ä creelnrel(, ;e1roue1l1Ä' eup B ;ree nrlll' q{ rlqrcq' es soou us lqe(, u,ere
:- --- - :-uLora' euIUcOJs uru{e lqlu8s q(, ruepa' lqs(,ur8ql lnru lor,urp Eoop or.to\^erp o^rI )prsr' g c1(' yltqon8q
',, - :; rEuuot qa dreproelap oJ lqa nu- tqsÄ e11 Jocor^op lqese euport,ureuls' r1 rs uol lo qe qalp tqut tqa(, "II ro-
- :-.- r".,.tJr lo sdaul oJ gop c;eeltuS cerlop lqeur ebne11(,! es tqere ls plJJereuJe ru tqa qopras oJ ror-do;sul qe-
' ' .-' - ''.uis forue lo qe qecensa l1 ltus ru8s, eleu qoJoJä lqe Jell' so ll seerus dlunsrqlo lqul eu8els rvrere prJJeJeul
* -:- . s ;-r'rip qe so )cg uuI -G' vup }{tls üour oue euol{reJ ru e ureuueJ snrt"qle lo lqerJ slela' vup so tqs(,pIJJeJ lu
. : 'i l.s \\lll' \\.qrrq qes pecroep JJOUI lqe Jrueuess oJ tqerr uelnreo lqe dersdrcecrl(. oJ lqerJ luou,yep8e' eup lqa
' -- ; .;iilrs Iu lqBl qlessopuess 'llrqlclL {eepout oJ lqerr \^rll' Ou lqose IuItIeI plJJereuces oJ eupo\y/uräul 4.onlp qe
':- '-:u q3 sqBJep \^rlqonl pllulunllou 8ronupep tqa e^eulnel qrsrurcq(, og eu8sls )c7 uur-§(' qnl lqe loss eu-
:- : : -'* - t ri.q tqa luleIII8euce' gop cJe- po\!/ep eJe uol tqer.eq( ruupe rt,ee1' r8uo:uu1' or nueqle 10 oqoosa grea1(,
-- ::.-{-iul lqa qt8qesl 8oop6 lo lono rl )c7 uuy-g(' 1qe prsreJuueul oJ t{rese prJJeJeucas ceu qe d;odsr1Ä exer-
. '.' -, :u[ oi rr qÄ dossessrou )W ut (' crsap q(, gop eloue )cg('
' . ' ; -:iT oJ fordoreel' lqel rs' eu8els yu8eys msre Jreelep 8oop eup plp uot qecouä 8oop q(, lqarJ {ee
-.'-: :-:;::p qi 3op..s Soopuess so lqe} cqorca' 1qe(, mere [ns1 qÄ tqe ruuoceuce oJ lqerJ u1€ n;e' eup uol qÄ qe
_" ; ]; uu[-l(' Yup ]qrs särAlre ls Jor dr.uclrce o;lruno' gnt tqeÄ r,oJo ur?pe \\/rlq lqo eqr1r1Ä 1o sru eup uol lo
t-.'.t 't,t .J } tf uS(' I{Ie tl,,oJlp' lu 1nJu' sru' uup rl tri.es q(, tqe sxsJcrse oJ {ae cqorJe 1{rel soure JaII eup sorre Je-
u{uruep sleupJ"sl )c7(' 1qaÄ r,eJe I€I eupory/ep \^rlq snJurreul uelnJsI \t,rs-
:- {-:'l -,lr Q.- tqalts' eAurp3\ ^eneu lqe eu8els pout eup lo^e lo urel>e lqrs Jlrorco )ccS-g('
: - - _ Y s IOJ lqe llrBl UrsU \A?s Vl lqerJ JJeulrou' lqe uu8els u,era uärlgeJ uoJ urrsereqle' srucs
:-.-." i -_.11.J poes uo] uddrone oJ l]-el lqoJo ceu qe uo rurser(, \{.rlqonl sru' eup uo ou qele osesuop q(e 1rn1Ä qlessep \^rlq-
- -'; j,'trl UE\ e qseU C;ee1ep' IJSOutA OJ on1 cegerulÄ o;qode re8urpruS lqa 1es1ru3 uulnre oJqaelrlnpo )prs1'7 c1('
Vs lo tt,qellreJ lqe(, r,r,ere der.gscl u1 lqerJ oJautrou' 1qe(, n,ere deJJecl ru lqe
x I THE SEnrrENCEs, Boor 2
sense that they were endowed with alt that they required when they were Lucifer and the other fallen 3I1S"-.:
created, but their nature would not be entirely fulfilled until after their heaven into the cloudy atmosphr-:-'
confirmation. Even then, their perfection could not approach the divine ings (cc2-3). In this way, e\ en aii.':
nature (cl nn5-6). be subject to God's providentirl r.'
Those angels who, by the exercise of their free will, turned toward human beings finds another un.--\J--"
God in love immediately fulfilled all their potentialities, becoming, as it The perversion of their gift. i-
were, mirrors of God's wisdom (dist. 5 cl). Others chose to turn away preserve a hierarchy among thu-m--;-
from God in envy and hatred, wishing to become equal to God; by their good angels and will remain uril;^ -'
choice, their gifts were perverted and they were made blind. A good (c4). In the meantime, under Lucii-':
choice was made by those on whom God's grace was conferred, an evil men here on earth, and solne tti Il;;
choice by those to whom no grace for conversion was given. But all chose oner and torment the souls of r-'r t. l.
with a free choice, now defined as the free power and aptitude of the will cifer is bound in hell, frotn \\ hr,-ru- r.'
to choose what it pleases and make rational judgements (c2). The angels powerful tempter in the timu- oi A:,:"
who converted were assisted to make a good choice by the divine confer- u,arfare which the saints \\'agc Llp,- -
ral of co-operating grace, without which the rational creature cannot make them, the view is reported that l:tt.
progress and gain merit (c3). By this gtace, the good angels were turned are rendered unable to tempt oth.-: :
to a perfect love of God; because they were already good, they did not Il as an irremediable consi--''1*;
require the aid of operating grace, by which an evil person is made good. angels cannot will the good. e \ u-Ir ',', :
But co-operating grace was kept from those who fell (c4). Not unreason- the good angels are unable to n . i. \
ably, this gives rise to the question of whether the fallen angels ought to taken as evidence that angels nc, , -
be Ltamea for their fall, since it was not by their fault that co-operating the good angels, the effect of .Jr,, .:.
grace was not given to them. Peter's answer is that, although the good choice so that they freely lor e m.:
angels had not merited grace, the evil ones had deserved its withholding their abandonlnent by dir,'ine Sr-:,;
because, by their free choice, they had chosen not to stand firm until grace tic-e choice and unable to rise to ti. -'
should be conferred on them (c5). to will evil confers upon thu'In .i :
Although the good angels are granted blessedness at the time of their comes to them not from naturu-. b*:
confirmation, the question remains of whether they merited it or whether sion can occur between e\/en thr' -
it came to them entirely by grace. Peter's graceful conclusion is that, al- in unable to sin by nature (cc3--1 r
though either view has merit, "the angels merit what they received at that As for demons, despite th.-ir n-,
time as a reward for the service which they render to us in obedience and quire powerful knowledge bec.l -.: r
reverence to God; and so the reward preceded the merit. And I confess through revelation (c5), but onlr t.
that this latter view is more pleasing to me" (c6 n2). This charming state- edge and power so that they ma) b,;
ment obviously flows from a thoughtful reflection on the dynamism of hurnan beings (c6). The magical ;::-'
love; it also rejoices in the community which exists between angels and er and its limits (c6). Although th.-- .
humankind and, not incidentally, confirms once more Peter's high view if visible matter obeyed the dentor>
of the dignity of human persons. it is not so. God alone is the cri-'rit I
Among both good and evil angels are to be found members of the tion much more thoroughly thart h'..:
higher and lower reaches of the angelic hierarchy. Indeed, Lucifer, the
highest of them all, was among those who fell for desiring to be like God them to produce the effects u hicii ;.
not by imitation, but in equality of power (dist. 6 c1). For their depravity,
-=
h#j
\
rw'
iff'' |}jJi;:,,
I
Jutr"opnctqou u
- , ' :j-rt 1qai. rabnr;ep \lqeu tqeÄ n/,eJe JnrrJeJ uup lqe olqeJ Julläu eu8els ,u.ere cesl porr/.u {our lqa erud(l-eeu
.: :: :un:a1i, Jnlgllop nulll eyrer ]qelr ge?^ou rulo lqo c1onpÄ elruosdqere uaxl lo ns ru oJpoJ lo lesl qnueu qe-
-::.:- t,u lonlp uol eddroecq llrs prAluo ru8s )cc7-g(. q lqrs meÄ' eneu sgor lqerJ Jull' lqa pourous po uol ceeso lo
qa snqlecl 1o Dop;s dronrpaulrel pesr8u uup lqe lru{ qet\^eeu eu8els eup
-- {:1 l,l tqa]J {oe tlllll' lnJuep 1o\!,,eJp qnutu€ qaru8s gups "uolqeJ nuexdaolep cougJurelrou'
:'- -- :i: dotautrelrlres' qeoorutuS' es l] lqa deurarsrou oJ lqärr 8r31s poes uot uroeu lqel lqe pau{ous po uol
: .: ;- I i (' olqers cqosa lo lnJu ume(, d;ssar..r,e e qrerur_cq( uruouS lqousel^es \^qlcq e3qoes lqe qreJur-cq(, og lqe
; *i :r,, q..rorua ebnel fo Dopi q(, lqelJ 8oop uu8els uup \r,rII Joursru nulrI aletf, gor-ur oJ Jnla rs poue eu,e{, urrlq
, :-': tl,ai \\ere urepe qllup' y 8oop )cr(. Iu lqe ureeulrurs. nupar JncrJeJ(s leepersqrd' psruous qe;r(, eup 1surd1
-- r-rt,t.S F:eca A^,us cou.3errap'eu oAII utäu qeJe ou eurlq, eup soure oJ lqäut rue{,. e1r-eep(, qs ru qeII lo qolp drrs-
: - 1 ,--,L\ :r-s]ou n,es 8rnou' gnt eII oqose ouer eup loruaul lqo sonls oJ e^rl daodla )cS(' tt seeurs droquqle tlrel I-n-
:- : :::'- do\\.er eup udlllnpe oJ}{ro AIII cr}-oJ rs qonup ru qell. ;:out \^qeJe qe \',rIII suer8s lo qocoura uu eneu ruoJe
'= -]- ,--r:rr1 [np8aurauls )cZ(' Iqe euEels dorlsrgnl leurdter ru tqe truta oJvulrcqust )c9(' vup lesl oue lqru{ t{tul lqe
,-.--. : il,lrp rqoIJa qÄ ]qe pllluo JouJeJ- \r/eJqJe \^ qlrrec\q^ lqe suruls rt,u8e ndou lqe poureus rs exclnsrr,,e1X dersouel 1o
,, -. t ; :j 3 JElrouBl cJeelnJe cuuuol UIel>3 lqeur, lqe rs ladouep tqet rupr^rpnul peurous pegaetap qf lqä seruls
--"i iii..-.' tqe 8oop uu8els \&,eJe lnJuep uJe reupeJep nueqla lo leurdl olqer qnueu qeru8s )c1('
-:--'-=.. ,.\ 3r.3 elraepÄ 8oop' lqs(, plp uol 1J us eu lJJeuepreqlo cousebneuce oJ lqerJ orr8ruzl cqorca' lqo eArI
- " .:. -rtrL Eu e\ rI deJsou Is utupe 8oop' eu8els reuuol \!/rII lqo 8oop' e,aau \!i.qeu l,qel tqeÄ po lnJus onl lo qe 8oop'
.- -- -l'rrS3 \\ qo JaII )cf(' Nol nuJeesou- tqe 8oop uu8els ure nuuqlo to \\irII e^rI )prst' I c1(' lqrs on8ql uol lo qe
-' - : .:.u:t{rar tqe Jelleu euEels on8ql 1o ll€eu us e^rpeuco lqel eu8sls uo 1ou8er- ql€e ;rae cqorco'q lqo os€ o oJ
-:{ *,r,t qi lqarJ Jenl] ]qel co-oderulruS tqa 8oop eu8sls' lqe oJJoct oJ prlrue 8;ece rs lo dargact lqerr {aaporu oJ
;-.> i-r:,.\ 3J rs lqel' eltqon8q lqe 8oop cqorce so llrul tqeÄ 4ee1{, lolo uroJa eup utoJo gnlyÄi ru lqe o^rI eu8e1s'
. " ,r,-'3S qup pesoJnep rls nlllqqolpruS lqorJ eqeupouruaul qÄ prnlue 8ruce loules tqour lo lqerJ o\\i,u urelrcrons
- ;; r - r s:u uot ]o s]u€ p Jlrru nulll 8;ece gee rqorce uup nuegle lo rrse lo tqe 8oop )c7(' 1qe 8oop eu8els. lueqllltÄ
lo (lrII ä^rI couJeJs ndou tqeru B {oaJ cqorce' eup lqrs JnlleJ {eopour
:-r- :'-.l q1:ssapuess el lqe lrwe oJ lqerJ couros lo lqeu1 uo} JJoul ue1nla' qnl {oru Stecei r1 Jollo\v/s tq?l uo couJn-
- - ':. ;'tiulJ lqa(, ueJrlep ll oJ \nqa]qeJ srou J?u occnJ qeu^eeu e^eu tqe 8oop euSeys eup gop'sruce Cop sloue
a :- r.- . s i: eraJnI Jouclnslou Is ]Qul' W- ru nueqle lo sru q( uelnre )ccE-t('
?- i..-s J':Jrt u.Qe} tqeÄ Jeoelnep B} l{t}€ Vs JoJ peutous' pesdrls lqer; urulrcrons oqslluec(.' lqeÄ ers sglo lo ec-
."'- -.- ..,. JSupeJ lo ns Iu ogSpleuce eup bnrre dol,argnl luorvyap8e qecense oJ lqarJ u?lnJe uup axdeuouce' eup
!:: :-:.-3p3p lqe ureJr]' Yup I couJess lqon8q relelelrou )c§(' qnl ou1Ä qooenss gop qes ellort.ep lqeur l>uort,l-
: - :-:... l r9 ua(' Jltls cqerrutuS slele- ep8e uup dorrrer so lqul tqa(, rueÄ qacoue qrs ruslJnueuls ru lqa 1es1ru3 og
':'- - ;.. j rllrrtlou ou lqe pÄueurrsur oJ qnuuu qsru8s )c9(' Jqo ureSlcul uus uJe u leyyruS sr8u oJparuourecel dou,-
-- -.. 'r. *rr3Q axrsls geu^geu uu8als uup oJ €up rls lrrurls )c9('yltqon8q tqe exeJ3rse oSue8rc ceu uru{e lt soeur us
l ' - : -il-,s ou,f3 uroJe deleJ6s qtSq ^r3\y/ rJ ^rsrqlo utullsJ oqeÄep tqa peuous u€ p lqärJ dorrra: exlsupop 10 cJeelrou'
rl rs uol so' cop lBlroloruoen Srsq 1l^{ro cJeeloJ' J[nl peuous I)uor, lq3 IEr,s oJ cJeu-
. i :-o il.-:. to q3 Jonup UteutqeJS oJ lqe lrou utncq urorä lquu qnutu€ qaruSsi lqe(, nupäJsleup lqe seeps
'- i-"-:'. irl3Jer-cqÄ' lupeep6 1ncti3er' lqe og lqru8s. A^qlcq gop qes dlecep ru oJoelrou( eup lqo(. oeu ureurdnlele
( r. 'r' ;'rr laII JoJ pestuuE fo Qe IIIo 3op lqeu lo dJopncs lqe oJJesls \^qrcq ur.e souelrruos oqseJ^ep ru lqe exeJcrse
j . ',.^.ir pls]' g ct('CoJ lqerJ pedtet':lß'
xii I THE StNreNcrs,Boor2
of the magical arts. And yet they cannot do these things without God's sounder vier,v seems confirtrtr-d t'.
tp ermissioi, for whose service these things are allowed to occur (cc7-10). s3\ ed will correspond int tnllu n3lLi\r;.'j- : :
Frorn Scripture and authority, it appears that angels have bodies. At rather than to those w'ho .
ahounÄsya qrnau teebs,e titionh;gessy . w tAahklitcehh ob ueogxdhcii tlyeP efhtouerrmm pa rnwo fcheuesrnsieo, ssa ithty iG mroesdge'alsfr dubinnidgad bitlnheeg ts,o e t shseeutybtl etlae pt hmpee aavttrae rtrios- mSre-Inlt S,( dPiniescttee.r a1n0ne gcxelt lsan sla k)rs.e Hw se'ho e StIhgts-cel-tlrll ulsi- tdi ri > ': .,..---I:.
8 ccl-Z),the one point he holds with firm certainty is that God has r--r ofle s are sent more rarel1 and :,-':
1,"auls"t.. upp"ured to human beings in the form of his divine essence (c3). In ri ith Michael, Gabriel, and Rapl',;.
this way, Peter encourages his students to bow humbly before the divine Peter receives the tradition.r. ,.1,-
transcendence. The point is reiterated by the assertion that, in cases of dir idual angels and demonS [u-r S;;I-
demonic possession, demons do not enter human beings substantially. rt as rnore plausible that each 3n--..
God aloni, who created the human creature, is capable of being received t)oe human being, either sequr-iji.:..
substantially by that same creature; demons exercise their power by decep- This consideration of th,-- '.\ r- l-'.
tion, by "drawing the soul to a disposition for wickedness (c4)'" humankind fittingly introduci-'> ::..
es for the angetic hierarchy, Scripture affirms that it is distinguished trcatise on angelology and Pr.-Prii:
into nine orders, which seems entirely fitting, since this trinity of threes is concerns whether angels makc Fi,-'::
a wonderful sign of the divine Trinity (dist. 9 c1). The angels are grouped 3r1 apparent conflict of authc-rriti-': ,- .
in these orders by their gifts of nature and grace (c2), but their names were in t-avour of the view that ihc'' j',-
given for our sake, since they know each other directly through contem- behalf of human beings and th,r: ::..
ftation without need of names (c3). These names come from the pre- increase of love and knou ledg.-. E .
äminence, and not the uniqueness, of the gifts which the names denote, c-.ristence and mission of the Ch u.,r.:-
since in heaven all is shared and nothing is possessed singularly (c3 knowledge of the divine ltt) stcri'-..
nn1-2). The most pre-eminent of these gifts is love, and so the seraphim, sary for their blessedness (cl I
whose predominant characteristic is a burning love, are higher than the So concludes Peter's discLi>:.,-.
Cherubim, who are characterized by knowledge (c3 nn3-4). The superior- intrinsic interest, the student ha> .--'
ity of love over knowledge is not a pointless thing for master and students o us references to angels in S crip i u:;
incidentally, has already met i>:
to ponder! '.* >
It does not seem plausible that the angels were distinguished in rank the corning discussion of the cru-;,.
from the moment of their creation: if they had already possessed the gifts tiom having the undoubted lrti--ri: ,- :
which distinguish them in their ranks, none of them would have fallen. It of angelology at the beginninu c,: :'
seems safer io say that, from the moment of creation, they were distin- rssues such as the freedom of ths= ,i. .
guished by a diffärent degree of fineness of nature and discernment of a less heated context than that oi:-^..
form; in tLis sense, some could be called superior, others inferiör (c4). erous reaffirmations of divine trufis.
These distinctions presumably continue even now within each order (c5). a useful context within which tt-\ d.
As for the assertion that a tenth order of angels is to be completed more closely touch his listeners at'iu
,.
from human beings, Peter is loath to support the view that the creation and issues, he outlines the scripturai
salvation of humankind might have been contingent upon the fall of the and some of the heated disputc'S ',\ i-
evil angels (c6). He prefers the interpretation "that what fell in the case of tian reflection on that account.
the angels will be restored from men, and that so many fell from among The creation account be,-uins \\ ::
the angels that a tenth order could be made" (c6 n3). That this is the beginnirg, God created angels an;
,t
I
Jult.opltcuou xrlr
l ;..-r't t Fo tqasa tqru8s \^llqonl gop.s sonupoJ AreK/ soeurs cougrrurep q(, lqe Jecl lq"l lqa qnureu qeru8s 1o qe
. : --- :u l:s rra ello\\,ep lo occnJ )ccL - t O(' su^äp {,rII corresdoup ru unuqeJ lo lqe eu8als rrrqo Jeureruep sleupJ"sl
': i;rrrrs lqet eu8els qene gopres' V1 rulqer tqu€ to lqosa \v/.lro gs11 umeÄ )ct ut('
, * :=i" r1 Dop.s qlppluS' tqe(, eddeur lo gruca eu8els EJe so uuutop {our lqarJ qeruS ruesseu8sr-s og gop lo
: '..::.s qlulselJ nueqle lo se]lle lqe AJ€ I- rueu, 4e1er uexl wl)S \y/.qäl{raJ rl rs olrJ€ ucloJrslrJ oJ I€I uu8als tqet lqa(, ere
l --" r,sr:i :aSerpruE lqeso snqlle utt€leJs seul )plst. I0 cI ul(. Ho seäurs lo l{nul lqrs rs dlunsrqye' qnt tqut tqe 8rsu1-
_ ;i .,. lt{L lLrur Jeueru}Ä rs l{re] Dop qus oJ oues J€ e seul uroJa rers1(, uup JoJ lqe xroJo sr8uel 1es1s' Bs \^es lqe cwe
- -- :" .)IULL oJ qls plnrue esseuce )cE(' q \^rtq rtrlro1re€ l. guqual. eup gedqeel )ccl-k'
:'-=- :i lr qo\\ qnruqlÄ qeJore lqe prnruo däler. lacor^es lqo lJeprlrouul pootJruo :a8e:pruS lqe essr8uureul oJ ru-
-:::=: .ci tqa esseurou lVW' ru cuses oJ pr^rpnp eu8els uup peurous 1o 8nurp eup tesl qnuuu qeru8s' qnl qe l.e8erps
- .- r.utaJ qnu{eu qeru8s snqslu€ 1re11Ä' r1 us ruore dlensrqle lqul eecq eu8el cJ€ Jres onl lqe Jnuclrou JoJ uroJe lquu
- I -:?t :ra' ls Judeqle oJ qeruE recernop ouo qnusu qeruB, erlqer ssbneu1rel1(, or coulerudoreusonsl(, )prs1' t t c t ('
:::r,jrs 3\etJrse lqarr" domer qÄ psced- J{rrs Jousrporulrou oJ tqe {^oJI \,\/qlcq eu8als po JoJ lqe qeuogl oJ
: s -.,-.,u IoJ \\.lJäapuess )tV(',, qnut"ulDup ;.r11ru81Ä rulropnces lqe couclnpluS bneslrou og deleJ.s lrllle
i:-:::.i1- EJILuus ]qel l1 ls prslru8nrsqep lJeelrso ou eu8aloloB(,eup d;ederss tqe tleÄ JoJ lrls scconul oJcJeulrou: rl
-r- " :_.:1luF' sru3e t{ps ]trurlÄ oJ lqJeos Is couceJus t,/qollräJ eu8els uule dro3:ess ru uteJrl oJ JeK/J€ p' VUoJ redogruS
- : . ::s1' 6 I I (' lqe eu8els ure 8rondep uu eddereul cougrcl oJenlqoJrlres ou lqo ruu11e;'4e1e;couros po\^u g:upÄ
-_l r- r F:era )t,7(' qnl ]qerJ UBUTOS \!i3J3 ru JeAonJ oJ lge ^ror, tqet tqe(, po JoJ lqe r,oJ{ mqrcq tqeÄ dargo;ur ou
":. '..itL otlraJ prJeotl(, tqron8q couläut- qaqelJoJqnueu qeru8s eup llrel lqerr droSress eup Jä\^eJp cousrst ru lge
:: i j :sa ueutas coure ;rout ]qe dre- ruc:eeso of loAä eup gnau eu8a1s drolrl' es r1 \ÄäJe' ;roru lqe
lmo\t/1sp3a.
:" _ - --"t F13rs \\.qrcq lqe uerues peuole' oxrsleuce eup unssrou oJlqe 3qnrcq'lqron8q mqlcq tqoÄ 8eru eu rucJoesäp
: - r,:q:ui rs dossessep sru8nlerlÄ )ot luo.t,yep8a og lqe prnrue ur(,s1erras, oleu rJ sncq eu ruoJe?se rs uol ueces-
l r. )'. i :::s rs 1or.a' eup so lqo seJedqtru' ser(, ;or" tlrarr qlessepusss )c7(
'. 7 ,i .juiu8 1o\,4' eJe qrEqsr lltuu lqe So oouclnpos deloJ.s prsrnssrou oJ u€ 8e1s' yqsor\p^e 4our lqe snqlecl.s
- . ;--r ,.1r;pis )cE uut-G' Jqo sndertor- rulJrusro ruleJes}. lqe supeul qes leeJuap {oru ll lo rule;drel lqe ^eJr-
: * --:ss tqluS gor utesleJ eup slnpeuls ons JeJeJouces lo eu8sls ru gcrrdln;e eup ru lqä JlrJrslruu lJ"prtrou eup'uol
ruclpeu1e11(,. qes elraep( rual rssnos sup todrcs \!,qloq r,rII errse e8eru tu
: :-'= rui:1s \\ ere plstruEnrsqep lu reuä lqe couruB prscnssrou oJ llra oreulrou eup JuII oJ l{re qnureu dsJsou' vsrpe
-. :*'-,. qEp 81:aepÄ dossessep lqe SIUs groru qenruB lqe nuponqlep u.reJrt oJ go11omru3 cqrouoloSÄ' lqs dlecerueul
t-.-i" *'t'-tr oJ lqeut \^onlp ltB^s JellsU' I1 o3 eu3e1o1o3(, 1€ tq3 qaSluuruS o3 gool z qes ulso Bllo\viep detor 10 Jsrse
:' :''-.:- o1- SJeullou' tqe(, \AeJe prslru- rssnes sncq us lqe ;raepour oJlqe ^rII eup lge Jola o38;eca ru sel^elrou ru
: -'-=- :ss oI uelnJe sup prSCSJUUrSU] OJ u lsss qe"lep coulexl llrBu lq"l oJqnrusu cJeulrou eup suI^elrou' Jl[e unut-
'. I :- - :. i s ndauoJ' olqeJs ruJeJIoJ )cU(' eJons JeeJgJur"lrous oJpr^rue tJuusoaupeuce eup sonerer8ulÄ ulso drolrpe
-.- -: t.i :u uo\\.lr,rtqru euo{t oJpeJ )cS(' 3 nseJnI couloxl \{,rlqru \^qrJlr 10 prssnss lqose esdacls o;creelrou ^\rqlJq
.:- - -:;l o1 eu8els rs lo qo courdlelsp uore c1oss1Ä loncq qrs lrslauoJs uup roupeJs' J[nl qeJoJo qo qJoerqes lqesa
: -;r:'u t{r3 \ l3A\, }qe} }{re cJeBlrou €up rssnas. qe onllruäs lqa scrrdlnrel ecconul oJ l{ro cJeelrou oJ lqe nur^eJse
-. J:.:.-r founu8aul ndou llta JBII oJ lqe "up soute oJlqe geelap prsdnles 4,qrc{r qu^e eJrsou ru lqa conJse oJJqJrs-
:-- -:.-r-rlru ..]qe] ^qel J3II lu lqe Cess OJ lru€ Jslfeclrou ou lqBl c€ Jonul'
---=--' iul t{iet so ueu(, JoII ;lout ewouS Jqa JJeelrou ecconul qe31us A^.rlq lqä JorloJelrou oJ llro Jo€ l lqul' ru tqa
: rr :rlrpa.. )c9 ug(' lqel tgs Is tqe qe8ruuruB. gop Jreulep eu8als eup JoJuless ue11er )prs1'tZ tO' g(, tqrs