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62 B E R K E L E Y I N S I G H T S BF oo sn IN LINGUISTICS t it Jacques Fontanille’s The Semiotics of Discoursefills a long- c,a AND SEMIOTICS T n standing need for a clear, comprehensive overview of R i narrative semiotic theory. The book skillfully blends a historical A ll 62 N e perspective with an emphasis on recent developments. S . Outstanding features include a clear, thorough exposition; numerous examples drawn from sports, cooking, and T literature; a balance of introductory overview and detailed analysis; figures that graphically represent the ideas h expressed; and suggestions for further reading at the end of e each chapter. The book will be of interest to both scholars and S students in semiotics, linguistics, literary theory, and the study e of narrative. m Jacques Fontanilleis President of the Université de Limoges i in France, where he is also Professor of Linguistics and o Semiotics. He holds the Chair in Semiotics at the Institut t i Universitaire de France. He is the author of several books, c including Le Savoir partagé (1987), Sémiotique du visible s (1995), Sémiotique et littérature(1999), and Soma & séma o (2004). He is co-author, with Algirdas Julien Greimas, of The f Semiotics of Passions (1993) and co-author, with Claude D Zilberberg, ofTension et signification(1998). i s Heidi Bostic holds a Ph.D. in French from Purdue University c in Indiana and a Diplôme d’études approfondies en Sciences o du langage from the École des Hautes Études en Sciences u Sociales in France. She is Assistant Professor of Romance r Languages and Gender Studies at Michigan Technological s University. She is the author of several articles on French e literature, feminist theory, and semiotics. Her published translations include Luce Irigaray’s book The Way of Love (2003). THE SEMIOTICS DISCOURSE OF WWW.PETERLANG.COM P JACQUES FONTANILLE E T E R TRANSLATED BY HEIDI BOSTIC L A N G 62 B E R K E L E Y I N S I G H T S BF oo sn IN LINGUISTICS t it Jacques Fontanille’s The Semiotics of Discoursefills a long- c,a AND SEMIOTICS T n standing need for a clear, comprehensive overview of R i narrative semiotic theory. The book skillfully blends a historical A ll 62 N e perspective with an emphasis on recent developments. S . Outstanding features include a clear, thorough exposition; numerous examples drawn from sports, cooking, and T literature; a balance of introductory overview and detailed analysis; figures that graphically represent the ideas h expressed; and suggestions for further reading at the end of e each chapter. The book will be of interest to both scholars and S students in semiotics, linguistics, literary theory, and the study e of narrative. m Jacques Fontanilleis President of the Université de Limoges i in France, where he is also Professor of Linguistics and o Semiotics. He holds the Chair in Semiotics at the Institut t i Universitaire de France. He is the author of several books, c including Le Savoir partagé (1987), Sémiotique du visible s (1995), Sémiotique et littérature(1999), and Soma & séma o (2004). He is co-author, with Algirdas Julien Greimas, of The f Semiotics of Passions (1993) and co-author, with Claude D Zilberberg, ofTension et signification(1998). i s Heidi Bostic holds a Ph.D. in French from Purdue University c in Indiana and a Diplôme d’études approfondies en Sciences o du langage from the École des Hautes Études en Sciences u Sociales in France. She is Assistant Professor of Romance r Languages and Gender Studies at Michigan Technological s University. She is the author of several articles on French e literature, feminist theory, and semiotics. Her published translations include Luce Irigaray’s book The Way of Love (2003). THE SEMIOTICS DISCOURSE OF WWW.PETERLANG.COM P JACQUES FONTANILLE E T E R TRANSLATED BY HEIDI BOSTIC L A N G The Semiotics of Discourse B E R K E L E Y I N S I G H T S I N LINGUISTICS AND SEMIOTICS Irmengard Rauch General Editor Vol. 62 PETER LANG New York ! Washington, D.C./Baltimore ! Bern Frankfurt am Main ! Berlin ! Brussels ! Vienna ! Oxford Jacques Fontanille The Semiotics of Discourse TRANSLATED BY Heidi Bostic PETER LANG New York ! Washington, D.C./Baltimore ! Bern Frankfurt am Main ! Berlin ! Brussels ! Vienna ! Oxford Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fontanille, Jacques. [Semiotique du discours. English] The semiotics of discourse / Jacques Fontanille; translated by Heidi Bostic. p. cm. — (Berkeley insights in linguistics and semiotics; vol. 62) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Semiotics. 2. Discourse analysis. I. Title. II. Series: Berkeley insights in linguistics and semiotics; v. 62. P99.F66413 401’.41—dc22 2006000643 ISBN 978-0-8204-8619-2 (hardback) ISBN 978­1­4539­0954­6 (eBook) ISSN 0893-6935 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek. Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the “Deutsche Nationalbibliografie”; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de/. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council of Library Resources. © 2006, 2007 Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York 29 Broadway, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10006 www.peterlang.com All rights reserved. Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as microfilm, xerography, microfiche, microcard, and offset strictly prohibited. Printed in Germany Of all comparisons that might be imagined, the most fruitful is the one that might be drawn between the functioning of language and a game of chess. In both instances we are confronted with a system of values and their observable modifications. A game of chess is like an artificial realization of what language offers in a natural form. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics Contents Translator’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Chapter 1: From the Sign to Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. Sign and Signification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. The Diversity of Approaches to Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2. Theories of the Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. Perception and Signification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.1. Elements to Remember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2. The Two Planes of a Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3. The Sensible and the Intelligible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Chapter 2: The Elementary Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 0. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1. The Binary Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.1. The Privative Opposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.2. The Opposition Between Contraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2. The Semiotic Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1. The Constitutive Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2. The Elementary Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3. Axiological Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.4. Second-Generation Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3. The Ternary Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.1. The Three Levels of Apprehension of Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2. Properties of the Three Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.3. Modes of Existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 viii The Semiotics of Discourse 4. The Tensive Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.1. Problems in Suspense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.2 New Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.3. The Dimensions of the Sensible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.4. The Correlation Between the Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.5. The Two Types of Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.6. From Valences to Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.7. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Chapter 3: Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 0. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 1. Text, Discourse, and Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.1. The Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.2. Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1.3. Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 1.4. Text and Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 1.5. Narrative and Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2. The Instance of Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.1. The Taking of Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.2. Gagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.3. The Positional Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3. Discursive Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1. Schemas of Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.2. Canonical Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.3. The Syntax of Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Chapter 4: Actants, Actors, and Modalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 0. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1. Actants and Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1.1. Actants and Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1.2. Trajectories of Identity, Roles, and Attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 1.3. Actants and Actors of the Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2. Transformational Actants and Positional Actants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2.1. Transformation and Discursive Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2.2. Positional Actants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2.3. Transformational Actants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2.4. The Positional Field and the Predicative Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3. Modalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 3.1. The Modality as Predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 3.2. Modalization as Passional Imaginary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

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