The self-potential method : theory and applications in environmental geosciences PDF
Preview The self-potential method : theory and applications in environmental geosciences
THE SELF-POTENTIAL METHOD TheoryandApplicationsinEnvironmentalGeosciences Theself-potentialmethodisasimpleyetinnovativeprocess,enablingnon-intrusiveassess- mentandimagingofdisturbancesinelectricalcurrentsofconductivesubsurfacematerials by measuring the electrical response at the ground’s surface or in boreholes. It has an increasingnumberofapplications,frommappingfluidflowinthesubsurfaceoftheEarth tounderstandingtheplumbingsystemsofgeothermalfields,anddetectingpreferentialflow pathsinearthdamsandembankments. Thisbookprovidesthefirstfulloverviewofthefundamentalconceptsofthismethodand itsapplicationsinthefield.Itbeginswithahistoricalperspective,providesafullexplanation ofthefundamentaltheory,laboratoryinvestigationsundertaken,andtheinverseproblem, and concludes with chapters on seismoelectric coupling and the application of the self- potentialmethodtogeohazards,waterresources,andhydrothermalsystems. End-of-chapter exercises aid practitioners and students in developing and testing their understandingofthetheoryanditsapplications.Additionally,datasetsandanalyticalsoft- ware are made available online for the reader to put the theory into practice and analyze their own data. This book is a key reference for academic researchers and professionals workingintheareasofgeophysics,environmentalscience,hydrogeology,hydrology,envi- ronmentalengineering,andgeotechnicalengineering.Itwillalsobevaluablereadingfor relatedgraduatecourses. andre´ revil isAssociateProfessorattheColoradoSchoolofMinesandDirecteurde RechercheattheNationalCentreforScientificResearch(CNRS)inFrance.Hisresearch focusesonthedevelopmentofnewmethodsinpetrophysics,andthedevelopmentofelec- tricalgeophysicalmethodsappliedtogeothermalsystems,waterresources,andoilandgas reservoirs. Dr. Revil is presently Editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth,AssociateEditoroftheVadoseZoneJournal,andEditorialmemberoftheInterna- tionalJournal ofMathematical Modelling&NumericalOptimization,andhaspublished 168 peer-reviewed papers. He received the Bronze Medal from the CNRS for outstand- ing research in 2003 and an award of excellence from the American Rock Mechanics Association(ARMA)in2004. abderrahim jardani isAssociateProfessorattheUniversityofRouen,wherehealso obtained his PhD in Geophysics in 2007. His research interests center on environmental geophysics,mathematicalmodelingofhydrologicsystemsandinverseproblems.Dr.Jar- danihasauthored27peer-reviewedpublicationsinthefieldofhydrogeophysics,especially inthetheoryofself-potentialsignalsanditsapplicationtoenvironmentalproblems.Heis amemberoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion. THE SELF-POTENTIAL METHOD Theory and Applications in Environmental Geosciences ANDRE´ REVIL ColoradoSchoolofMines ABDERRAHIM JARDANI UniversityofRouen cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107019270 (cid:2)C Andre´RevilandAbderrahimJardani2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombyBelliandiBainiLtd AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-107-01927-0Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. This book is dedicated to the memory of the Spanish-born physicist Albert Tarantola.Albert’sinfluenceongeophysicswasprofoundandimmense,especially regarding his work on the inverse problem based on probabilistic foundations and his criticism of the Tikhonov approach (reviewed in this book), still popular nowadays. Albert was a generous man with a strong character and an amazing creativity. We miss him a lot. We invited him in 2008 to give a lecture at the Department of Geophysics of the Colorado School of Mines and this was the lecture that opened our eyes on the use of stochastic approaches, especially Bayesian methods, to self-potential problems as discussed in several chapters of thisbook. AlbertTarantola,onhislastdayatStanfordin2008.PhototakenbyAndre´Journel. Contents ForewordbySusanS.Hubbard pageix Preface xi 1 Fundamentalsoftheself-potentialmethod 1 1.1 Measurements 1 1.2 Theelectricaldoublelayer 11 1.3 Briefhistory 14 1.4 ThePoissonequation 16 1.5 Sourcesofnoise 17 1.6 Conclusions 19 Exercises 19 2 Developmentofafundamentaltheory 23 2.1 Non-equilibriumthermodynamic 23 2.2 Upscaling:fromlocaltomacroscopicequations 44 2.3 Thegeobatteryandbiogeobatteryconcepts 68 2.4 Conclusions 75 Exercises 77 3 Laboratoryinvestigations 82 3.1 Analyzinglow-frequencyelectricalproperties 82 3.2 Investigatingthegeobatteryconceptinthelaboratory 99 3.3 Conclusions 104 Exercises 105 4 Forwardandinversemodeling 110 4.1 Positionoftheproblem 110 4.2 Gradient-basedapproachesandtheirlimitations 114 4.3 Fullycoupledinversion 131 vii viii Contents 4.4 Conclusions 148 Exercises 149 5 Applicationstogeohazards 154 5.1 Landslidesandflankstability 154 5.2 Sinkholedetection 160 5.3 Detectionofcavities 167 5.4 Leakagesindamsandembankments 171 5.5 Conclusion 191 6 Applicationtowaterresources 192 6.1 Pumpingtests 192 6.2 Flowinthevadosezone 209 6.3 Catchmentshydrogeology 219 6.4 Contaminantplumes 232 6.5 Conclusions 243 Exercises 243 7 Applicationtohydrothermalsystems 245 7.1 Stochasticinversionoftemperatureandself-potentialdata 245 7.2 TheCerroPrietocasestudy 261 7.3 Gradient-basedapproachappliedtohydrothermalfields 268 7.4 Conclusions 282 Exercises 282 8 Seismoelectriccoupling 284 8.1 Positionoftheproblem 284 8.2 Seismoelectrictheoryinsaturatedmedia 286 8.3 Numericalmodeling 291 8.4 Applicationinsaturatedconditions 293 8.5 Seismoelectrictheoryinunsaturatedmedia 298 8.6 Applicationintwo-phaseflowconditions 319 8.7 Localizationofhydromechanicalevents 326 8.8 Seismicbeamformingandtheformationofelectricalbursts 335 8.9 Conclusions 338 Exercises 339 AppendixA AsimplemodeloftheSternlayer 342 AppendixB Theu–pformulationofporoelasticity 345 References 348 Index 367 Thecolorplatesectioncanbefoundbetweenpages178and179. Foreword Asanenvironmentalscientistwhousesgeophysicalmethodstoquantifysubsurface propertiesandprocesses,Irecognizethechallengesofextractingquantitativeinfor- mation from self-potential data. Although self-potential data are easy to acquire and often provide good qualitative information about subsurface flows and other processes,aquantitativeinterpretationisoftencomplicatedbythemyriadofmech- anismsthatcontributetothesignal.Likemanyothersinthecommunity,morethan once I have chosen to not collect self-potential data or have abandoned a quan- titative interpretation of acquired datasets due to the mechanistic complexity of self-potentialsignals. Andre´ RevilandAbderrahimJardaniofferapanaceaforthiscommonproblem through an unparalleled and cutting-edge treatise on the self-potential method, a bookthatlaysasolidfoundationforquantitativeuseofthemethodtocharacterize andmonitortheEarth’ssubsurface.Thefoundationisestablishedthroughdescrib- ingthehistory,physics,andseveralinversionapproachesclearlyandcomprehen- sively,andthroughwalkingthereaderthroughexamplesoftheuseofself-potential data to quantify geotechnical hazards, vadose zone and groundwater processes, andflowingeothermalfields.Thebookalsodescribestheuseorextensionofthe methodtointerrogatephenomenanottypicallyexploredwithself-potentialmeth- ods, including redox zonation and hydromechanical disturbances associated with fracking. The inclusion of forward and inversion modeling software and a data reduction tutorial will render the book useful for teaching a graduate level course onself-potential.TruetoAndre´Revil’srenaissancestyle,thebookdescribesmany unifying theories and concepts that connect different geophysical signatures and petrophysicalpropertiesandthatportrayatantalizingvisionoffutureapplications usingtheself-potentialmethod. The authors have integrated their formidable experience and insights into a valuable book, which marks and propels a quantum leap forward for the self- potentialmethod.Itwillundoubtedlyleadtomoreacceptanceoftheself-potential ix
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