The Selection of Ministers around the World

318 Pages·2014·1.19 MB·English

by  Keith Dowding

The Selection of Ministers around
the World
At last, the selection of government ministers is analysed on a worldwide basis.
Jean Blondel, Emeritus Professor at the
European University Institute in Florence
G overning cabinets are composed of ministers who come and go even as govern-
ments march on. They work for the chief executive, the prime minister or the
president, for their parties and for the constituent groups from which they come.
They are chosen for their role and dismissed from it for all sorts of reasons that
vary across time and country.
T his book examines the process of selection, shuffl ing and removal of ministers
in national cabinets around the world. Drawing on original data over several decades,
it offers a series of case studies of countries from around the world with differing
institutional and cultural structures including presidential and semi-presidential sys-
tems, and parliamentary, unitary and federal systems, some of which have experi-
enced periods under authoritarian regimes. Featuring 14 case studies on North and
South America, Asia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand, this book complements the
earlier volume T he Selection of Ministers in Europe (Routledge, 2009).
This volume will be an important reference for students and scholars of politi-
cal science, government, executives, comparative politics and political parties.
Keith Dowding is Professor of Political Science in the School of Politics and
International Relations, Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian
National University.
Patrick Dumont is Researcher at the Institute of Political Science of the Univer-
sity of Luxembourg.
Routledge Research on Social and Political Elites
Edited by Keith Dowding
Australian National University
and
Patrick Dumont
University of Luxembourg
Who are the elites that run the world? This series of books analyses who the elites
are, how they rise and fall, the networks in which they operate and the effects they
have on our lives.
1 Coalition Government and Party Mandate
How coalition agreements constrain ministerial action
Catherine Moury
2 The Selection of Ministers in Europe
Hiring and firing
Edited by Keith Dowding and Patrick Dumont
3 Parliamentary Elites in Central and Eastern Europe
Recruitment and representation
Edited by Elena Semenova, Michael Edinger and Heinrich Best
4 The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary
Parliamentary Democracies
A comparative study
Edited by Jean-Benoit Pilet and William P. Cross
5 The Selection of Ministers around the World
Edited by Keith Dowding and Patrick Dumont
The Selection of Ministers
around the World
Edited by Keith Dowding and
Patrick Dumont
First published 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2015 Keith Dowding and Patrick Dumont
The right of Keith Dowding and Patrick Dumont to be identifi ed as the
authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The selection of ministers around the world / edited by Keith Dowding
and Patrick Dumont.
pages cm. — (Routledge research on social and political elites; 5)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Cabinet offi cers—Selection and appointment—Case studies.
2. Cabinet system—Case studies. I. Dowding, Keith M., author, editor
of compilation. II. Dumont, Patrick, editor of compilation.
JF331.S47 2014
352.24′3—dc23
2014007513
ISBN: 978-0-415-63346-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-75786-5 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
List of fi gures vii
List of tables viii
List of contributors xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction: agency rent, adverse selection and
moral hazard 1
KEITH DOWDING AND PATRICK DUMONT
2 New Zealand: stability, change or transition? Achieving
and retaining ministerial offi ce 25
JENNIFER CURTIN
3 Australia: ministerial characteristics in the Australian
federal government 44
KEITH DOWDING AND CHRIS LEWIS
4 Japan: ministerial selection and de-selection 61
MIKITAKA MASUYAMA AND BENJAMIN NYBLADE
5 South Korea: selection and de-selection of ministers
in a presidential system 84
WON-TAEK KANG
6 India: the selection and de-selection of
cabinet ministers 99
CSABA NIKOLENYI
7 Pakistan: ministerial turnover in the federal cabinet 117
MARIAM MUFTI
vi Contents
8 Russia: cabinet formation and careers in a super-
presidential system 139
ELENA SEMENOVA
9 Turkey: cabinet dynamics and ministerial careers,
1950–2011 156
HANDE MUTLU-EREN
10 Israel: the choosing of the chosen 178
OFER KENIG AND SHLOMIT BARNEA
11 Nigeria: cabinet dynamics amid structural changes in
a postcolonial state 197
HENRY A. KIFORDU
12 Argentina: the ministers of the president, 1983–2013 223
MARCELO CAMERLO
13 Chile: ministerial selection and de-selection 244
PETER M. SIAVELIS AND HUMBERTO BARUCH GALVÁN
14 Canada: ministerial careers 264
MATTHEW KERBY
15 United States of America: the cabinet 283
ALEJANDRO QUIROZ FLORES
Name index 297
Subject index 301
Figures
4.1 Average previous ministerial experience in cabinet in Japan
(1947–2012) 76
9.1 Parties’ share of cabinet ministries by their share of
government’s legislative seat total in Turkey (1950–2011) 165
9.2 Number of positions held by ministers in Turkey (1950–2011) 173
13.1 Form of ministerial exit by Concertación administration,
Chile (1990–2010) 258
14.1 Kaplan–Meier survival estimates of ministerial appointment
by ministry in Canada (1935–2006) 275
14.2 Kaplan–Meier survival estimates of ministerial appointment:
individual and political characteristics in Canada (1935–2006) 276
14.3 Kaplan–Meier survival estimates of ministerial turnover by
cabinet in Canada (1935–2006) 280
15.1 Kaplan–Meier survival estimates of ministerial turnover
in the US (1809–2001) 292
15.2 Kaplan–Meier survival estimates of ministerial turnover by
portfolio in the US (1809–2001) 293
Tables
2.1 Cabinets in New Zealand (1949–2011) 28
2.2a Background data by cabinet, New Zealand (1949–2011) 30
2.2b Background data: women as a percentage of parliamentarians
and ministers in New Zealand (1981–2011) 31
2.2c Background data: summary profi les of ministers by gender,
New Zealand (1984–2008) 32
2.3 Duration data by cabinet, New Zealand (1949–2011) 38
2.4 Termination data, New Zealand (1949–2011) 38
3.1 Australian cabinets (1949–2012) 50
3.2a Background data: all individual government ministers/
parliamentary secretaries by ministry, Australia (1949–2012) 51
3.2b Background data: university degree course, Australia
(1949–2012) 52
3.2c Background data: employment prior to becoming a
parliamentarian, Australia (1949–2012) 53
3.3 Duration data by cabinet, Australia (1949–2012) 54
3.4 Termination data by ministry, Australia (1949–2012) 56
4.1 Japanese prime ministers (1947–2012) 62
4.2 Background data: ministerial characteristics by cabinet,
Japan (1947–2012) 69
4.3a Duration data by cabinet, Japan (1947–2012) 73
4.3b Duration data: ministers continuing across cabinet changes
and reshuffl es by portfolio, Japan (1947–2012) 75
4.4 Termination data: proximate cause of ministerial terminations,
Japan (1947–2012) 78
5.1 South Korean prime ministers (1988–2008) 88
5.2a Background data: careers before ministerial appointment
(PM excluded) in South Korea (1988–2008) 90
5.2b Background data: number of sitting MPs appointed to the
cabinet (PM excluded) in South Korea (1988–2008) 91
5.2c Background data: number of female ministers (PM included)
in South Korea (1988–2008) 92
Tables ix
5.3 Duration data: number of ministers and average tenure
in each administration (PM excluded) in South Korea
(1988–2008) 92
5.4a Termination data: reasons for ministerial resignation
(PM excluded) in South Korea (1988–2008) 94
5.4b Termination data: reasons for early resignations
(ministers with up to six months’ tenure; PM excluded) in
South Korea (1988–2008) 96
6.1 Indian governments (1952–2009) 104
6.2a The UPA government of 2004 107
6.2b Selected biographical data 108
6.3 Cabinet duration and ministerial duration 109
6.4 Exits from Indian cabinets 110
7.1 Pakistani cabinets (1973–2013) 118
7.2a Background data: gender and parliamentary experience of
cabinet ministers in Pakistan (1973–2013) 125
7.2b Background data: average age and education statistics for
cabinets in Pakistan (2002–2013) 126
7.3a Duration data: cabinet appointments and ministerial
longevity in Pakistan (1973–2013) 130
7.3b Duration data: number of portfolios allocated per minister
in Pakistan (1973–2013) 131
7.3c Duration data: cabinet expansion in Pakistan (1973–2013) 132
7.4 Termination data: exits from cabinets in Pakistan
(1973–2013) 134
8.1 Cabinets in post-Soviet Russia (1991–2012) 142
8.2 Background data: patterns of ministerial recruitment by
portfolio type, Russia (1991–2012) 148
8.3 Duration data: cabinets and average ministerial
appointment duration in Russia (1991–2012) 151
8.4 Termination data: types of ministerial exits by cabinet
(in percentages) in Russia (1991–2012) 152
9.1a Turkish cabinets (1950–2011) 160
9.1b Parties’ share of coalition governments’ legislative seats
and cabinet ministers in Turkey (1961–2002) 164
9.1c Distribution of ministerial positions by party in Turkey
(1950–2011) 165
9.2a Background data: average age of ministers by decade in
Turkey (1950–2011) 167
9.2b Background data: representation of women in Turkish
cabinets (1950–2011) 168
9.2c Background data: occupational background of ministers
by decade in Turkey (1950–2011) 169
9.3 Duration data: dabinet and ministerial duration in
Turkey (1950–2011) 171