The Secret War Against Napoleon: Britain’s Assassination Plot on the French Emperor

369 Pages·2019·22.33 MB·English

by  Tim Clayton

THE
SECRET WAR
AGAINST
NAPOLEON
Britain’s Assassination Plot
on the French Emperor
TIM CLAYTON
In memory of my close friend
David Bradshaw and of my mother
Avice Clayton; and for her close
friend Anny Cousin and her family.
Contents
List of Maps
Cast of Characters
3 nivôse, year IX
1 Fair is Foul, and Foul is Fair
2 Responding to Cataclysm
3 Bellum Internecinum
4 The Modern Alexander
5 The English Conspiracy
6 The Infernal Machine
7 The Character of Bonaparte
8 The Peace and the Press
9 Rousing the Nation
10 Grand Conspiracy
11 Reactivating the Spies
12 Atrocities of the Corsican Demon
13 Landing the Assassins
14 Méhée de la Touche
15 Paris in Panic
16 Worse than a Crime
17 The Eagle Does Not Catch Flies
18 Trials and Executions
19 The Emperor Napoleon
20 Epilogue
Acknowledgements
Notes
Select Bibliography
Index
Maps
Northern Europe
Northern France
Strasbourg

Cast of Characters
The Bonaparte Family
Napoleon Bonaparte, born 1769, general of the Army of Italy 1796, First Consul
1799
His brothers Joseph (born 1768), Lucien (born 1775), Louis (born 1778), Jérôme
(born 1784) His sisters Elisa (born 1777), Pauline (born 1780), Caroline
(born 1782)
His mother Letizia, born 1750
His wife, previously Rose de Beauharnais, known as Josephine, born 1763
Her son Eugène (born 1781) and daughter Hortense (born 1783)
Bourbons
Louis Stanislas Xavier de Bourbon, comte de Provence, born 1755, lived in
Warsaw as comte de Lille’ 1801–4; self-styled Louis XVIII Charles, comte
d’Artois, born 1757; after 1789 lived in Turin, then Edinburgh, then London
Louis Joseph de Bourbon, prince de Condé, born 1736; emigrated to Coblenz
1791 and raised a royalist army; to London 1800
Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon, duc d’Enghien, Condé’s grandson, born 1772
French politicians
Maximilien Robespierre, born 1758, ‘the Incorruptible’, a leader of the Jacobins
and mastermind of the Terror until his execution in 1794
Paul, vicomte de Barras, born 1755, Provençal nobleman, the most important of
the five Directors who ruled France from 1795 until Bonaparte’s coup in
the five Directors who ruled France from 1795 until Bonaparte’s coup in
1799
Joseph Fouché, born 1759, son of a Nantes slaver; teacher at the Oratory school
then Jacobin politician; minister of police in summer 1799–1802 and 1804–
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, born 1754; bishop of Autun 1789,
excommunicated 1791; to Britain 1792 but expelled; America 1793–6;
minister for foreign affairs 1797– Alexandre-Maurice Blanc d’Hauterive,
born 1754, professor before the revolution; consul at New York 1790–98;
foreign ministry 1798– François-Marie (marquis de) Barthélemy, born 1747,
French minister in Switzerland; Director 1797; exiled 1797, rescued and
came to England; returned after Brumaire; senator Louis-Guillaume Otto,
born 1754, French representative in London 1800–2; minister to the
Palatinate 1803–4
Michel Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d’Angély, born 1761, lawyer and state counsellor
Pierre-François Réal, born 1757, lawyer, state counsellor and special
investigator Claude Ambroise Régnier, born 1736, Grand Judge and minister
of justice 1802– Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, born 1769, school
friend and private secretary to Bonaparte Henri Shée, born 1739, prefect of
the Bas-Rhin 1802– Amé Masclet, born 1760, sub-prefect of Boulogne
1800–
André Dumont, born 1764, sub-prefect of Abbeville 1799–
Antoine-François Bertrand de Moleville, born 1744, minister of marine to Louis
XVI; exiled to London Emmanuel-Henri-Louis de Launay, comte
d’Antraigues, born 1759, agent of Louis XVIII Louis-Antoine-Marc-Hilaire de
Conzié, born 1732, bishop of Arras, head of Artois’s council Armand de
Polignac, born 1771, raised at Versailles, went to London in 1800, courtier to
Artois Jules de Polignac, born 1780, his brother, courtier to Artois
Jean-François Dutheil, financial agent for Artois, manager of secret service and
link with British government Charles-François de Riffardeau, marquis de
Rivière, born 1765, first aide to Artois French armed forces
Jean-Charles Pichegru, born 1761, sergeant-major of artillery before revolution;
general in 1793 and commanded the army of the Rhine; army of the North
1794; changed sides and exiled 1797; escaped to Britain Auguste Thévenet
dit Danican, born 1764, as lieutenant colonel in Parisian national guard
fought royalists in the Vendée 1793; suspected of treachery after defeats;
denounced colleagues; led revolt in Paris in 1795; fled to London and
became royalist publicist Amédée Willot, born 1755, private 1771;
republican general 1793 in Pyrenees and in Vendée 1795; exiled 1797 and
escaped with Pichegru to Britain Jean Victor Marie Moreau, born 1763,
lieutenant colonel of Breton volunteers 1791; served as general under
Pichegru in Flanders 1794; commander of the army of the Rhine 1795–7;
dismissed with Pichegru 1797; commanded in Italy 1799, then army of the
Rhine and victor of Hohenlinden 1800
Frédéric Lajolais, born 1765, volunteer 1778; general 1793 under Pichegru;
arrested 1794 over Pichegru’s supposed treachery; acquitted but not re-
employed Henri Rolland, born c.1758, old acquaintance of Pichegru and of
Moreau
Charles-Léon Tinseau d’Amondans, born 1748, aide to Artois, military engineer
and royalist publicist Athanase-Hyacinthe Bouvet de Lozier, born 1770,
adjutant-general of royal army Etienne-François Rochelle, born c.1768,
royalist officer
Jacques Jean-Marie François Boudin de Tromelin, born 1771, fought at
Quiberon, then assisted Sidney Smith before returning to France in 1802
Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, born 1754, commissioned 1778; general of the
Army of the Western Pyrenees 1794; suspected royalist; led a corps under
Bonaparte 1800; inspector-general of the gendarmerie 1802– Anne Jean
Marie René Savary, born 1774, staff messenger to Pichegru, then to Moreau;
aide to Desaix, then to Bonaparte; commander of the Gendarmes d’Élite of
the Consular Guard 1801
French police
Louis Nicolas Dubois, born 1758, prefect of police for Paris 1800–
Pierre Marie Desmarest, born 1764, Fouché’s assistant from 1799, chief of the
secret police; astronomer, botanist, novelist Pierre Fardel, investigated
Hyde’s network in 1800 and the Boulogne network in 1803
Charles Pasques, said to be a sadistic colossus
Pierre Hugues Veyrat, an enthusiastic police chief inspector
Joseph Mengaud, born c.1750, envoy to Switzerland 1797–8; police
commissioner for Manche and Pas-de-Calais 1801–4
Hanoverians
George III, born 1738, King of Great Britain (after 1801 the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland) and Elector of Hanover Queen Charlotte, born
1744
George, Prince of Wales, born 1762
Frederick, Duke of York and Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, born 1763