The Secret of Apollo: Systems Management in American and European Space Programs (New Series in NASA History) PDF
Preview The Secret of Apollo: Systems Management in American and European Space Programs (New Series in NASA History)
The Secret of Apollo New Series in NASA History RogerD.Launius SERIES EDITOR BeforeLift-off:TheMakingofaSpaceShuttleCrew HENRY S. F. COOPER, JR. TheSpaceStationDecision:IncrementalPolitics andTechnologicalChoice HOWARD E. MCCURDY ExploringtheSun:SolarSciencesinceGalileo KARL HUFBAUER InsideNASA:HighTechnologyandOrganizational ChangeintheU.S.SpaceProgram HOWARD E. MCCURDY PoweringApollo:JamesE.WebbofNASA W. HENRY LAMBRIGHT NASAandtheSpaceIndustry JOAN LISA BROMBERG TakingSciencetotheMoon:LunarExperimentsandtheApolloProgram DONALD A. BEATTIE Faster,Better,Cheaper:Low-CostInnovationintheU.S.SpaceProgram HOWARD E. MCCURDY TheSecretofApollo:SystemsManagementinAmericanand EuropeanSpacePrograms STEPHEN B. JOHNSON SpacePolicyintheTwenty-FirstCentury EDITED BY W. HENRY LAMBRIGHT T H E S E C R E T O F A P O L L O Systems Management in American and European Space Programs Stephen B. Johnson TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress BaltimoreandLondon ©2002TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress Allrightsreserved.Published2002 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper 2 4 6 8 7 5 3 1 TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress 2715NorthCharlesStreet Baltimore,Maryland21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Johnson,StephenB.,1959– ThesecretofApollo:systemsmanagementinAmericanand Europeanspaceprograms/ StephenB.Johnson. p. cm.—(NewseriesinNASAhistory) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-8018-6898-X(hardcover:alk.paper) 1.Astronautics,Military—UnitedStates—Management. 2.Astronautics—UnitedStates—Management. 3.Astronautics, Military—Europe—Management. 4.Astronautics—Europe— Management. I.Title. II.Series. UG1523.J6452002 629.4'0973—dc21 2001005688 AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. To Diane Contents ListofIllustrations ix PrefaceandAcknowledgments xi AbbreviationsandAcronyms xv Introduction:ManagementandtheControl of ResearchandDevelopment 1 1 SocialandTechnicalIssuesofSpaceflight 5 2 CreatingConcurrency 19 3 FromConcurrencytoSystemsManagement 47 4 JPL’sJourneyfromMissilestoSpace 81 5 OrganizingtheMannedSpaceProgram 115 6 OrganizingELDOforFailure 154 7 ESRO’sAmericanBridgeacrossthe ManagementGap 179 8 CoordinationandControlof High-Tech ResearchandDevelopment 209 Notes 233 EssayonSources 277 Index 283 Illustrations ‘‘Flybeforeyoubuy’’sequentialdevelopment 22 WeaponSystemProjectOffice’ssystemconcept 31 OrganizationoftheInglewoodcomplex 35 Pre-Gilletteorganizationofballisticmissiledevelopment 38 Ballisticmissileorganization—GilletteProcedures 39 Concurrency 42 BrigadierGeneralBernardSchrieverandDr.SimonRamo 52 AtlasDlaunch 59 BallisticSystemsDivisionorganizationnetwork 69 Systemsmanagementphases 74 Traditionallineorganizationandlinesofcommunication 77 Matrixorganization 78 MarinerVenus1962 99 Rangerspacecraft 101 Typicalprofileofengineeringchangesforspacecraftproject 108 Mercury-Atlasorganization 119 GeorgeMueller’s‘‘fivebox’’structure 135 GeorgeMuellerandSamuelPhillips 136 Phillips’sreviewprocessesforApollo 142 Apollowithitsmajorcontractorsidentified 144 HEOSspacecraft 188 Hoernke’sanalogyofengineeringandprojectcontrol 198 TheESROPlanning,Management,andControlSystem 200 ColdWarsocialgroupsandalliances 213 AuthoritychangesatNASAandESRO 214 Systemsmanagementmethodsclassifiedbysocialgroup 215
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