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The Second World War The Second World War A People’s History JOANNA BOURKE 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Joanna Bourke 2001 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bourke, Joanna. The Second World War : a people’s history / Joanna Bourke. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. World War, 1939–1945 I. Title. D743 .B62 2001 904.53—dc21 2001045152 ISBN 0–19–280224–0 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset in New Baskerville by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn Contents List of Figures vii List of Maps ix 1 Introduction 1 2 The Declaration of War in Europe 8 3 Occupied Europe 25 4 Battle of the Atlantic 47 5 War in China, Burma, and India 55 6 War in South-East Asia and the Pacific 74 7 Italy, the Balkans, and the Desert 100 8 The Eastern Front 119 9 The Holocaust 137 10 Liberating Europe 162 11 Hiroshima 175 12 Aftermath 190 13 The Memory of War 216 Notes 227 Chronology 237 Further Reading 247 Index 251 contents vi List of Figures 1 ‘Rendezvous’, showing Hitler meeting Stalin over the Nazi- Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (cartoon by David Low). 2 Polish girl weeping over her sister, killed by German bombing of Poland. 3 The Battle of the Atlantic from the Allies’ point of view (cartoon by Stephen Roth, Czech artist in exile in London). 4 Japanese warship under attack by an American bomber, near Amoy, China, 6 April 1945. 5 Chinese militia and peasants destroying a railway line to impede the Japanese in North China, 1941. 6 Severed head of a Japanese soldier hanging from a tree in Burma. It was presumably put there by American soldiers. 7 ‘Eastern Pirate’s Speciality’ (cartoon by Cai Ruohong). The bodies on the ground are labelled ‘people’. 8 American POWs with their hands tied behind their backs, just before starting the Death March out of Bataan in April 1942. 9 Japanese POWs, captured on Bataan, being led blind- folded to the Headquarters for questioning (undated). 10 A survivor of Kalagon Village, north of Moulmein in Burma, picking out members of the Kempeitai at an iden- tity parade at Moulmein Jail. 11 ‘The Heroines of 1940’, a Greek poster in tribute to the Greek resistance to the Italian invasion of 1940. 12 ‘Grief, Kerch, 1942’: the aftermath of a Nazi massacre of civilians at Kerch, in the Ukraine (photograph by the Soviet photographer, Dmitri Baltermants). 13 ‘Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Tania’: a partisan tortured to death by the Germans (photograph by Serguei Strunnikov). 14 Street fighting in Stalingrad, 1942. 15 Russian cartoon by Koukrinikci. The Russian text says, ‘Napoleon suffered defeat. The same thing will happen to Hitler’. 16 A group of Jewish women, some with babies in their arms, before their execution in Misocz, Ukraine, 14 October 1942. Local collaborators are shown assisting the Germans. 17 A Jewish girl being terrorized by a Ukrainian mob. 18 The effect of a firestorm in Hamburg, August 1943. 19 ‘Travel Orders (1945)’ (cartoon by George Baker, pub- lished in Yank). ‘Sad Sacks’ was an army term for a useless soldier or a ‘sad sack of shit’. 20 ‘Ground Zero’, Nagasaki on the morning of 10 August 1945 (photograph by Yamahata Yosuke). 21 ‘Young War Victims, Rome 1948’, showing limbless chil- dren playing (photograph by David Seymour). list of figures viii List of Maps 1 Europe, 22 June 1941. 2 The Far East, showing the Japanese attacks between December 1941 and March 1942. 3 The locations of the main concentration and death camps. 4 The percentage of Japanese cities destroyed by Allied air attack.
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