The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection

556 Pages·1999·12.586 MB·English

by  Pei-kai Cheng (editor), Michael Lestz (editor), Jonathan Spence (editor)

THE SEARCH FOR
MODERN
C H I N A
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PE I - K A I CH EN G and
M IC H AE L LE S T Z with
JO N AT H AN D.S P E N CE
W • W •NO RT ON & C OM P ANY New York · London
THE SEARCHF OR
MODERN
C H I N A
Copyright© 1999 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
The text of this book is composed in Granjon
Composition by Binghamton Valley Composition
Book design by Jack Meserole
Cover illustration: Ren Yi (1840-1896), Shen
LutiRnega dbiy ntghL eak e, 1880. Courtesy,
The Palace Museum, Beijing, China.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The search for modern China : a documentary collection / edited by
Pei-kai Cheng, Michael Lestz, with Jonathan D. Spence.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-393-97372-7 (pbk.)
I. China-History-Ch'ing dynasty, 1644-1912-Sources. 2.
China-History-20th century-Sources. I. Cheng, Pei-kai. II.
Lestz, Michael Elliot. III. Spence, Jonathan D.
DS753.86 .S33 1998
95I ' .03-ddc2I 98-44315
r98
W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
http:// www.wwnorton.com
W.W. Norton & Company Ltd., 10 Coptic Street, LondonW CIA !PU
234567890
FOR OUR PARENTS
Hsu-TUNG CHENG AND SHU-CHEN YIN CHENG
GERALD LESTZ, EDITH ALLPORT LESTZ, AND MARGARET GORDON LESTZ

Contents
xv
Preface
Acknowledgments XlX
1
1 The Late Ming
I
1.1 AND 1.2 TWO ACCOUNTS OF THE SUZHOU RIOT, 1601
1.1 Shen Zan's Account 2 1.2 Wen Bing's Account 3
1.3 AND 1.4 A MING OFFICIAL ON THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE
DYNASTY 4 1.3 The Trend of the World 5 1.4 On the
■
Management of the Salt Gabelle 5 1.5 BROADSHEET FROM LI
■
ZICHENG 7 1.6 EVALUATION OF LI ZICHENG AND ZHANG
■
XIANZHONG 7 1.7-1.9 THREE ACCOUNTS OF ZHANG
XIANZHONG 8 1.7 The Career of Zhang Xianzhong 9 1.8 A
Coloiful Early Qing Biography of the Bandit Leader Zhang Xianzhong 12
■
1.9 Edict of the Bandit Zhang Xianzhong 14 1.10 SONG
MAOCHENG: THE TALE OF THE UNGRATEFUL LOVER 14
21
The Manchu Conquest
■
2.1 NURHACI'S SEVEN GRIEVANCES 21 2.2 AND 2.3 EXCHANGE
OF LETTERS BETWEEN WU SANGUI AND DORGON 23 2.2 A Letter
from Wu Sangui to Dorgan Sent from Shanhaiguan, Renshen Day, 4th Moon,
1644 25 2.3 Dorgon's Reply to Wu Sangui Sent from Xilatala, Guiyu
■
Day, 4th Moon, 1644 26 2.4 A LETTER FROM DORGON TO THE
■
MING LOYALIST SHI KEFA, 6TH MOON, 1644 27 2.5 DORGON'S
EDICT: A BROADSHEET FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE SOUTHERN MING,
V I I
I
viii CONTE NTS
■
1645 30 2.6 EDICT FROM DODO (PRINCE YU) FOLLOWING THE
■
YANGZHOU MASSACRE, 1645 31 2.7 AND 2.8 TWO EDICTS
CONCERNING THE WEARING OF THE HAIR UNDER MANCHU RULE 32
2.7 Regent Dorgon's Edict ■to the Board of War 33 2.8 Imperial Edict to
the Board of Rites 33 2.9 THE SIEGE OF JIANGYIN, 1645 34
2.10 THE JINTAN SLAVE RIOTS, 1644 39
45
Kangxi's Consolidation
3.1 WU SANGUI ON THE EXECUTION OF THE PRINCE OF
■
GUI 45 3.2 SHI LANG'S MEMORIAL ON THE CAPTURE OF
■
TAIWAN 48 3.3 THE TREATY OF NERCHINSK, 1689 51
3.4 FANG BAO'S "RANDOM NOTES FROM PRISON," 1711 54
3.5 KANGXI'S VALEDICTORY EDICT, 1717 58
65
Yongzheng's Authority
4.1 AND 4.2 KANGXI'S SACRED EDICT AND WANG YUPU AND
YONGZHENG's AMPLIFICATION 65 4.1 The Sacred Edict of the Kangxi
Emperor, 1670 66 4.2 Wang Yup■u and Yongzheng's Amplification of
Kangxi's Sacred Edict, 1724 66 4.3 YONGZHENG's EDICT ON
CHANGING THE ST A TUS OF THE MEAN PEOPLE 69
71
5 Chinese Society and the Reign of Qianlong
5.1 WU JINGZI: FROM THE SCHOL■A R(RSU LIN WASH!) (FAN JIN PASSES
THE JURENEX AMINATION) 71 5.2 A MURDER CASE FROM THE
■
RECORDS OF THE OFFICE FOR THE SCRUTINY OF PUNISHMENTS,
1747-1748 81 5.3 GLORIFYING THE ORIGINS OF THE
MANCHUS, FROM AN ACCOUNT IN THE STA TE ARCHIVE 85
5.4 AND 5.5 HESHEN: ACCUSATION AND INVENTORY 86 5.4 The
Twenty Crimes of Heshen 87 5.5 An Inventory of the Household
Property Confiscated from the Home of Heshen 89
92
China and the Eighteenth-Century World
6.1 LORD MACARTNEY'S COMMISSION FROM HENRY DUNDAS,
■
1792 92 6.■2 MACARTNEY'S AUDIENCE WITH
QIANLONG 98 6.3 MACARTNEY'S DESCRIPTION OF CHINA'S
I
CON T E N T S 1x
■
GOVERNMENT 100 6.4 AND 6.5 QIANLONG'S REJECTION OF
MACARTNEY'S DEMANDS: TWO EDICTS 103 6.4 The First Edict,
September 1793 104 6.5 The Second Edict, September 1793 106
The First Clash with the West 110
7.1-7.4 MEMORIALS, EDICTS, AND LAWS ON OPIUM 110
7.1 Memorial on L lizing Opium, June 10, 1836 111 7.2 Memorial
ega
on Banning Opium, October 1836 114 7.3 Imperial Edict,
September 1836 119 7.4 Annexed Laws on Banning Opium, July
■
]839 120 7.5 LORD PALMERSTON'S DECLARATION OF WAR,
FEBRUARY 20, 1840 123
128
The Crisis Within
■
8.1 QIAN YONG ON POPULAR RELIGION, 1838 128 8.2 THE
CONVERSION OF LIANG FA: GOODW ORKST OE XHORTHTE AG�
■
1832 132 8.3 EXECUTIONS OF TAIPING REBELS AT CANTON,
■
1851 136 8.4 AND 8.5 PRECEPTS AND ODES PUBLISHED BY
HONG XIUQUAN IN 1852 AND 1853: "THE TEN COMMANDMENTS" AND
"THE ODE FOR YOUTH" 139 8.4 The Ten Commandments 140
8.5 Taiping Religious Verses (from "The Ode for Youth") 143
8.6 ZENG GUOFAN: A PROCLAMATION AGAINST THE BANDITS OF
GUANGDONG AND GUANGXI, 1854 146
150
Restoration through Reform
9.1 AND 9.2 YUNG WING ADVISES THE TAIPING AND ZENG
GUOFAN 150 9.1 Yung Wing: Policy Proposals to the Taiping,
1859 151 9.2 Yung Wing: Interview with Zeng Guofan, 1863 151
9.3 PRINCE GONG ON THE TONGWEN COLLEGE: THREE MEMORIALS,
■
1861, 1865, 1866 154 9.4 ZONGLI YAMEN DOCUMENT ON
■
THE UNEQUAL TREATIES, 1878 157 ■9 .5 ZHANG ZHIDONG'S
MEMORIAL ON THE ILi CRISIS, 1880 159 9.6 AND 9.7 THE
BURLINGAME TREATY AND THE UNITED STATES EXCLUSION
ACT 163 9.6 The Burlingame Treaty, 1868 163 9.7 The Exclusion
■
Act, May 6, 1882 164 9.8 CHINESE ANTI-FOREIGNISM, 1892 166