The Scourging of Iraq: Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice

323 Pages·1996·16.406 MB·English

by  Geoff Simons (auth.)

THE SCOURGING OF IRAQ
Also by Geoff Simons
CUBA: From Conquistador to Castro
IRAQ: From Sumer to Saddam
KOREA: The Search for Sovereignty
LIBYA: The Struggle for Survival
THE UNITED NATIONS: A Chronology of Conflict
UN MALAISE: Power, Problems and Realpolitik
The Scourging of Iraq
Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice
Geoff Simons
© Geoff Simons 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996
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First published 1996 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-1-349-24923-7 ISBN 978-1-349-24921-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-24921-3
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96
Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures vii
The Chronology of Genocide viii
Preface X
Acknowledgements Xll
Introduction xiii
1 The Legacy of War
Preamble 1
The War 4
The Targets 11
The People 15
The Environment 20
The Desolation 27
2 The Chronology of Sanctions 33
Preamble 33
The Chronology of Sanctions 34
The Disarmament Issue 73
The 7061712/986 Ploy 98
3 Targeting the Powerless 105
Preamble 105
The Ravaged Environment 109
The Sanctions System 113
Suffer the Children 122
Suffer the Women 131
The Food Weapon 136
The Health Weapon 150
Epilogue 171
4 The Face of Genocide 174
The Sanctions Option 175
The League and the United Nations 184
v
VI Contents
The US and Sanctions 187
Law and the Gulf 194
The Face of Genocide 205
Epilogue 211
Appendices
1 Security Council Resolutions 660 and 661 214
2 EEC Declaration concerning the Iraqi invasion of
Kuwait; and Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2340/90 217
3 Security Council Resolution 687 222
4 Security Council Resolutions 707 and 715 231
5 Security Council Resolutions 706, 712 and 986 237
6 Rights of the Child, Note Verbale (16 January 1995)
from Iraq to UN Centre for Human Rights, Geneva 247
7 The Impact of the Blockade on Iraq, Note Verbale
(16 January 1995) from Iraq to UN Centre for Human
Rights, Geneva - Extract 254
8 Malaysian Conference Resolution (May 1994) against
Economic Sanctions on Iraq 263
9 Protocol 1, Addition to the Geneva Conventions,
1977 - Extract 267
Notes 273
Bibliography 288
Index 290
List of Tables
1.1 Some bombed establishments and power plants with
associated environmental damage 24
1.2 Chemical releases from bombed installations 26
3.1 Items for Iraq vetoed by the UN Sanctions Committee 118
3.2 Impact of sanctions on the health of children under 5 128
3.3 Food price increases in Iraq caused by one year of
sanctions 140
3.4 Decline in Iraq's animals 142
3.5 Inflation of basic food prices (July 1990-November 1993) 149
3.6 Increase in disease incidence in Iraq ( 1989-91) 159
3.7 Increase in disease incidence in Iraq (1989-92) 160
3.8 Increases in under-5 and over-50 mortality as a result of
sanctions 163
3.9 Increase in incidence of some communicable diseases
(1989-93) 169
4.1 Selected pre-First World War examples of economic
sanctions 176
4.2 Countries targeted by US (acting alone) for sanctions 188
4.3 Countries targeted by US (acting in concert) for sanctions 189
List of Figures
3.1 Increases in malnutrition among children in Baghdad 137
vii
The Chronology of Genocide
... nothing that we had seen or read had quite prepared us for
the particular form of devastation which has now befallen the country
[Iraq]. The recent conflict has wrought near-apocalyptic results ...
the flow of food through the private sector has been reduced to a
trickle .... Many food prices are already beyond the purchasing
reach of most Iraqi families .... The mission recommends that ...
sanctions in respect of food supplies should be immediately re
moved.
Report of mission (10-17 March 1991) led by
Martti Ahtisaari, UN Under-Secretary General
for Administration and Management
... it is a country whose economy has been devastated ... above
all by the continued sanctions . . . which have virtually paralyzed
the whole economy and generated persistent deprivation, chronic
hunger, endemic undernutrition, massive unemployment and wide
spread human suffering ... a vast majority of the Iraqi popula
tion is living under most deplorable conditions and is simply engaged
in a struggle for survival . . . a grave humanitarian tragedy is
unfolding ... the nutritional status of the population continues to
deteriorate at an alarming rate ... large number of Iraqis now
have food intakes lower than those of the populations in the dis
aster stricken African countries.
UN Food and Agriculture Organisation,
World Food Programme, Special Alert No. 237, July 1993
Alarming food shortages are causing irreparable damage to an
entire generation of Iraqi children. . . . 'After 24 years in the field,
mostly in Africa starting with Biafra, I didn't think anything could
shock me,' said Dieter Hannusch, WFP's Chief Emergency Sup
port Officer, 'but this was comparable to the worst scenarios I
have ever seen.' .... 'There actually are more than 4 million peo
ple, a fifth of Iraq's population, at severe nutritional risk,' said
Mona Hamman, WFP's Regional Manager. 'That number includes
viii
The Chronology of Genocide IX
2.4 million children under five, about 600,000 pregnant/nursing
women and destitute women heads of households as well as hun
dreds of thousands of elderly without anyone to help them ... 70
per cent of the population has little or no access to food ... Nearly
everyone seems to be emaciated. We are at the point of no return
in Iraq ... The social fabric of the nation is disintegrating. Peo
ple have exhausted their ability to cope.
UN World Food Programme, News Update,
26 September 1995
... findings illustrate a strong association between economic sanc
tions and increase in child mortality and malnutrition rates ...
The moral, financial and political standing of an international com
munity intent on maintaining sanctions is challenged by the esti
mate that since August 1990, 567 000 children in Iraq have died
as a consequence.
Sarah Zaidi and Mary C. Smith Fawzi,
The Lancet (London), 2 December 1995
The Red Cross has strongly criticised the 'dire effects' of sanc
tions on civilians. . . . There is chronic hunger .. . with 20,000
new cases of child malnutrition every month.
Victoria Brittain, The Independent, 4 December 1995
... health conditions ... are deteriorating at an alarming rate under
the sanctions regime ... the vast majority of Iraqis continue to
survive on a semi-starvation diet ... The damaging effects of poor
nutrition are being compounded by epidemics ... and by a
precipitous decline in health care ... The most visible impact of
these problems is seen in the dramatic rise of mortality rates among
infants and children.
UN World Health Organisation, 25 March 1996
Our policy is to keep Iraq in its box.
Western diplomat, The Guardian, 18 October 1995