The Scientific Study of General Intelligence. Tribute to Arthur R. Jensen

630 Pages·2003·10.06 MB·English

by  Helmuth Nyborg (Eds.)

Contributors
Phillip L. Ackerman School of Psychology
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA, USA
Britt Anderson Department of Neurology (JT 1209)
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA
Rosalind Arden 8 Hillfield Road
Redhill, Surrey RHl 4AP, U.K.
Gerald V Barrett Barrett & Associates, Inc.
Human Resource Consulting
500 West Exchange Street
Akron, OH, USA
Christopher R. Brand Consultant to the Woodhill Foundation (USA)
71 South Clerk Street
Edinburgh, U.K.
Nathan Brody Department of Psychology
Wesleyan University
Middletown, CT, USA
Thomas R. Carretta Air Force Research Laboratory
Wright-Patterson AFB
OH, USA
John B. Carroll University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Denis Constales Department of Mathematical Analysis
University of Ghent
Ghent University, Ganglaan 2
Gent, Belgium
Ian J. Deary Department of Psychology
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.
X Contributors
Lee Ellis Department of Sociology
Minot State University
Minot, ND, USA
Gilles Gignac Assessment Unit
Swinburne Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, Vic, Australia
Linda S. Gottfredson School of Education
University of Delaware
Newark, USA
Mark T. Green Center for Leadership Studies
Our Lady of the Lake University
San Antonio, TX, USA
Richard J. Haier Department of Pediatrics
University of California at Irvine
Irvine, CA, USA
Harrison Kane Exceptional Student Education
University of Nevada
Putnam County School District
PL, USA
Alissa J. Kramen Barrett & Associates, Inc.
Human Resource Consulting
500 West Exchange Street
Akron, OH, USA
David F. Lohman Psychological and Quantitative Foundations
College of Education
University of Iowa
Iowa City, lA, USA
Sarah B. Lueke Barrett & Associates, Inc.
Human Resource Consulting
500 West Exchange Street
Akron, OH, USA
Richard Lynn Department of Psychology
University of Ulster
Coleraine, N. Ireland
Ted Nettelbeck Department of Psychology
University of Adelaide
Adelaide, Australia
Helmuth Nyborg Department of Psychology
University of Aarhus
Risskov, Denmark
Contents xi
Robert Plomin Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research
Centre
Institute of Psychiatry
London, U.K.
Malcolm J. Ree Center for Leadership Studies
Our Lady of the Lake University
San Antonio, TX, USA
J. Philippe Rushton Department of Psychology
University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada
Dean Keith Simonton Department of Psychology
University of California at Davis
Davis, CA, USA
Herman H. Spitz 389 Terhune Road
Princeton, NJ 08540-3637, USA
Robert J. Sternberg Department of Psychology
Yale University
New Haven, CT, USA
Philip A. Vernon Department of Psychology
University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada
Anthony Walsh Department of Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
Boise, ID, USA
John C. Wickett Assessment Strategies Inc.
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
General Introduction: Arthur Jensen —
The Man, His Friends and This Book
Helmuth Nyborg
This book celebrates two triumphs in modem psychology: the successful development
and application of a solid measure of general intelligence, and the personal courage and
skills of the man who made this possible — Arthur R. Jensen from Berkeley
University.
This photo is the property of Time Incorporated. Published with permission of LIFE
Editorial Services, New York, USA.
xiv Helmuth Nyborg
The photo of Art Jensen is taken in his studio at home in 1969 — right at the time
his famous Harvard Educational Review article came out. That article changed his life
as well as the fields of education, psychometrics, differential psychology and behavior
genetics forever.
The Man
Arthur Robert Jensen is a great scientist but he will probably never ".. . receive the kind
of recognition others with even lesser accomplishments have been given. He will not
receive the honors his work merits from organizations like the American Psychological
Association, The National Academy of Science, or the National Association for the
Advancement of Science, to name a few. The reasons for this lack of recognition are
obvious. He has taken controversial and politically unpopular stands on issues that are
important to the study of intelligence".
These thought-provoking words by editor Douglas K. Detterman open a special
honorary issue — A king among Men: Arthur Jensen — appearing in the journal
Intelligence (1998).
There is, of course, nothing new in clashes between eminent scientists and the
Establishment. Pioneers are by definition ahead of their time and they often stray far
beyond the prevailing Zeitgeist. However, in the case of Arthur Jensen the controversy
soon turned into a remarkably vicious sequence of events, that started immediately after
he made pubUc, in the (in)famous article in 1969, that he now felt obliged to
acknowledge, contra his previous view, that certain genetic restrictions affected
development — after inspecting a mountain of largely neglected evidence, that he had
stumbled upon almost by accident.
Jensen's change of mind elicited nothing less than an academic disaster, and marked
a sharp turning point in his professional career. From being considered by most as a well
recognized, honest, exclusively data-oriented scientist, perhaps a bit boring, but very
clever educational psychologist who specialized in the not too emotionally arousing area
of serial learning effects, Jensen suddenly found his work grossly distorted and
misrepresented, and himself threatened and ridiculed. Colleagues low and high
competed for stabbing him in the back, influential professional organizations published
issue statements against him, and not few asked for his removal from office. Over a short
time a massive opposition developed and began to form the sinister contours of a well-
organized, widespread, self-reinforcing, collective fraud in modem academia. Later
analyses suggest that the infection actually had begun to infect deep layers of academia
and the public press since the early 1930s, but its full impact became particularly
obvious in connection with the publication of Jensen's 1969 article. It spread and now
threatens academic freedom in many modem universities in the United States and
elsewhere.
The photo (opposite) is taken when controversy encircled Jensen, and shows one of
the first graphical illustrations of the different IQ distributions for blacks and whites.
I know Art well enough to appreciate that he personally prefers to entirely side-step
all emotionally and politically motivated controversy, and to get on with what really
General Introduction: Arthur Jensen — The Man, His Friends and This Book xv
This photo is the property of Time Incorporated. Published with permission of LIFE
Editorial Services, New York, USA.
matters to him: work, solid work, much of it! In terms of controversy. Art contrasts his
mentor and classmate in the London School of Differential Psychology, Hans Eysenck.
Both are industrious beyond measure, but Hans simply loved a good fight (Gray 1997:
xi), whereas Art thinks it is basically a waste to time.
The major bulk of the present volume is accordingly devoted to a scientific treatment
of what interests Art most as a professional scientist — the origin, the models, the brain
base, the methods and the validity (but curiously enough less the broad application) of
general intelligence, g. However, considering its unique history-of-science interest, I
could not resist the temptation to analyze the nature of the ghastly story of the
controversy that surrounds Art ever since 1969, but out of respect for his general attitude
I have relegated it to a remote Chapter 20 in this volume. I find the story must be told
for at least two reasons. First, it reveals the remarkably fine personal qualities and the
rare application of Gandhian principles of an eminent scientist that stood headstrong and
almost alone in a true Ibsen's sense against a dreadfully strong head wind. Second, it
illustrates how easily even a solid scientific case can be bogged down by a majority if
not single scientists takes upon them the troublesome responsibility of defending
academic freedom, even if being hounded personally and professionally, and threatened
xvi Helmuth Nyborg
to his life and family by hoards of angry politically correct ideologues drawing their
nourishment from the prevailing Zeitgeist.
His Friends
It has been said: If you have no enemies, you have no point of view. Art has many
enemies, and I will describe some of the more prominent in Chapter 20 in this volume.
Fortunately, he also has friends. What do they say about him?
Sandra Scarr (1998), herself certainly no stranger to controversy, understands quite
well that Art Jensen was bound to run into trouble because he "relentlessly pursues a
hard-edged, hypothetic-deductive science that treads on a more emotional, humanistic
psychology. Art has no sympathy for mushy thinking. For him, impressions and feelings
are not data and have no place in psychology . . ." (p. 227).
The friends (and fiends) know immediately that emotionality is no important part of
Art. All who watch Art at close quarters recognize that he always looks opponents
straight in the face, listens carefully and patiently, and then pours out counter data if
there are any, or surprisingly readily admits to total agnosticism in the matter — or he
begins to speculate aloud on the best way to find a solution. Data and analysis, not
emotions, are what matters. Art spent three years working at the late Hans Eysenck's
Psychology Department in the University of London's Institute of Psychiatry. Hans once
remarked with a smile that he probably had "high emotional stimulus value", as judged
by the violent reactions of many of his critics that often went berserk when they saw,
heard, or read anything from or about him. I think this applies in spades to Art as well.
While Art is always cool, he easily gets critics boiling over his sharpness.
The photo of Art (opposite) is taken when he visited Hans in London in 1971.
It was Hans who introduced Art to the details of Galton, Spearman, and Thurstone's
works and thus provided "... a much needed antidote to the predominantly Freudian or
psychoanalytic concepts that informed my clinical work" (Jensen 1998: 184). It was
Hans who planted Art's view of psychology as a natural science branch of biology, and
it was Hans who made Art believe that ".. . differential psychology, broadly conceived,
was exactly the path for me."
Hans and Art were invited to present the Fink Memorial lectures at the University of
Melbourne in Australia in September 1977, and that tour ended in a disaster. Art was to
talk first, but his lecture was disrupted by bullies, and he had to run for his life, protected
by at least 50 police officers. Hans was scheduled to talk the next day, but he was bullied
too, and nobody could hear a word. The photo on page xviii was taken on that occasion
by professor Brian Start, in his office.
If Art is loyal to data, he is entirely unfaithful to theory. I know this comes as a
surprise to many of his opponents, who claim he is square, preconceived, and
immovable. "In fact" writes Detterman (1998: 177) "I have never known anybody with
fewer prejudices .. . Jensen has no loyalty whatsoever to any theory or hypotheses even
if they come from his own ideas."
Allow me to give a recent example of this. Art has long been of the opinion that the
sexes do not differ in g, and further that those who nevertheless find a difference are not
General Introduction: Arthur Jensen — The Man, His Friends and This Book xvii
using proper methods (Jensen 1998: Chapter 13). It was therefore not entirely without
trepidation I in December 2002 gave a lecture on the matter in front of him at the
meeting of the Third Annual Conference for the International Society for Intelligence
Research at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, TN. The main point of the lecture was
that there is, in fact, a moderate male lead in g, but you will see it only if you use Art's
own highly sophisticated factor-analytic methods, which, by the way, were the same
methods that led Art to believe that there is no difference (see the details in Chapter 10
xviii Helmuth Nyborg
Photo taken in London in 1971 by Methuen Publishers.
in this volume). After the lecture Art came up to me and just said: This is the best lecture
I have ever heard on sex difference." To another colleague he said: "It seems I have to
rethink the matter." The point of the story: give Art a proper analysis and good data, and
his mind will follow, entirely independently of his previous view. That is far more than
one can say about most of his critics!
Jensen is courageous! Sandra Scarr admires Jensen's never failing personal courage
in defending data as he sees them. Sandra's words have particular weight here, because
she has herself often proved willing to step into the frying pan to defend controversial
behavior genetics data. Sandra thus ". .. witnessed his steadfastness in the face of a
screaming, unruly mob who disrupted his lecture on learning and intelligence and
threatened his personal safety. I learned what it was like to be spat upon and to put my
body on the line to get Art out of a University of Minnesota auditorium. It was shocking
and frightening, as surely the radicals intended, but it was most of all infuriating,
because no disciplinary actions were taken against those who assaulted us." What the
audience missed that day was a treatment of test bias, which eventually came to totally
redefine expert opinion in this important matter (Chapter 20 reports on many such
unworthy attempts to repress unpopular scientific information).
Where does Art's courage come from? Well, it surely is partly a function of his
particular personahty organization, partly due to a principle, and partly due to a rational
need for change. Art thus writes: ". .. rather than duck for cover, which I peculiarly felt
would be disgracefully un-Gandhian, I resolved not to be whipsawed by the prevailing
General Introduction: Arthur Jensen — The Man, His Friends and This Book xix
Photo taken near American Embassy, New Delhi, October 1980.
orthodoxy in the social and behavioral science, but to do whatever I could to reform the
social sciences" (Jensen 1998: 198).
Art has traveled and lectured extensively in India, and has adhered for much of his life
to Gandhian principles. The photo (opposite) shows Art feeding holy cows near the
American Embassy in New Delhi in October 1980, the year his famous citation classic
Bias in Mental Testing came out.
Art is a calm person. This does not only show up when he faces an unruly mob, but
also in the private sphere. My wife, Mette, and I spent some working days at his
beautiful second house at a huge lake in 1999. Hardly had I fallen asleep before Mette
woke me up and said there is a smell of smoke! Dressed for the night we went to the
living room, and yes, there was smoke. I woke up Art and all three of us inspected the
first floor rooms. No smoke, he declared, this is not a thing I would worry about, go back
to sleep. The next morning it became all too obvious that the cellar was totally burned
out, and only luck prevented the fire from spreading to the rest of the house. There is
no doubt Art's extroversion score is low, but I bet his neuroticism score is even lower.
In that respect he seems very much like Hans Eysenck — both are rather stable
introverts.
Art is generous! Scarr observed, for example, that Art thinks he even understands the
motives of harsh critics like the Marcus Feldmans, Steven Jay Goulds, and Leon Kamins
of the intellectual world, even if she finds them "... despicable, because they have the
knowledge and intellect to know that they deliberately corrupt science (again consult
Chapter 20, if in doubt). Sandra readily admits that Art has contributed enormously to
psychological science, but perhaps his most important contribution is ". .. intellectual
honesty and integrity to a psychological science that is threatened with Politically
Correct corruption" (1998: 232).