The Scientific Management of Society

289 Pages·1971·11.03 MB·English

by  Viktor G. Afanasyev

VG .AANfA SYtV
l��cci cntific
Manaucrncnt
o�fo cictN
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PROGRESPSU BLISH•E RMSO SCOW
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Translfartotemhd Re u ssbiyaL n.I lyiytas ka
Edeidtb yR .D aglish
DesigbnyeM d. S holzberg
B.r .A acp Ha ches
HAY4HOYEn PABJIEHOHBEil El.CTBOM
Ha aHZAUiiCK!1O3.Mb tKe
Firsptr inti1n9g7 1
Prinint etdi Urnei oonfS oviSeotc iaRleipsutb lics
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . . . . . .. . .. . ... .. 5
ChapteOrn e.D YNAMICI NTEGRASLY STEMCSO.N CEPT
OF CONTROL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.I netgrSayles mts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.S elf-ConStyresomtlslC.io nngc eopfCt o ntr.o l. 15.
ChapteTrw o.S OCIETAYS A N INTEGRASLE LFO-NCTROL-
LINGS YSTEM. . . . . . . . 2.5 . . . . . . .
1.M axriSsotc lioogay C,o mephrenesV iiveowfS ociety2 5
2.S pontanaenoduC so nscSiooaculisC ontr. o.l . 31
ChapteTrh reeC.O NTROILN C API TAU STS OCIET.Y . . 40
1.T heC laCshsa raocftC eorn tUrnodle Cra pitali4s0m
2.C ontorfoM lod erCna ipatliPsrto duc.t .i on. 4.6 .
A.T heM aiSnat geosfD evelopomfte hnSety esmto f
ContorfoC la ptiailsPtr oduc.t io.n . .4 6. . .
B.T heM aiCna usesSa teto Efc onoImtniecr tvieonn
UndeCrap iatlis.m . . . .. .. 5.2. . .
C.P atteorfnS st ate-MoIntnoeprotvlieyoni nn t he
Econom. y. . . . . . . 58. . . . . . .
3.C ontorfoSl o ciaanld eIlnltecPtruoacle Rsesgeusl.a -
tioonf H umaBne hvaiou.r . . . . 66. . . . .
ChapteFro urS. OICALISAMS A SCINETFICIALLCYO NTROL-
LEDS OICETY. . . . . . . .. .. 7.7 . . . .
1.So ciiaslStoc ieatsay C omplIenextg rSayls t.e m 77
2.F roSmp oannteoRueusgl attioSo icne ntCiofinct rol 83
3.S ystiecAm pprotaocC ho ntr.o l. .. . .. 93
4.S icefinctCi ontorfoS loi cetSyo:v iEextp erienc1e30
ChapteFri veT.H E SUBJEC(TS YSTEOMF) CONTROOFL
SOCIALTI SSOCIET.Y . . . . . . . 141. . . . .
1.S ubjoefcC to ntarsoa l S yesmto fG overnmaenndt
NonG-overnmBeoindetas n dO rgiasnatiMoannsag.e -
riaRle lati. o.n s . . . . . . 141. . . . . . .
2.T heC omumniPsatr itnyt hSey stoefMm a nagemoefn t
SociiaslStoc iety . . . . . 122
.
3.T heP rinciRepqaieulrm entMsa de of Sttahtee
Apaprat.u s. . . . . . . . 1.03
A.B einCgo mpetaenndEt f fici.e .n t . 131
B.C ombign AidnmitnriastainvdSe c ienMteitfihco 1d3s3
C.S yesmt . . . . . . . . . .1 37.
4.A dminiastitvraen-aMgerPiearls onne.l . 1.4 1.
A.P erson.n .e l . . . . . . 14.1 . . . . . .
B.W haQtu laietsai SoiveMta nagSehro uPlods se. s1s54
C.T raiinnagn dI mpreomvenotfM anargiePaelr nsnoe1l8 4
3
ChapteSri xC.O NTENT (BASIFCU NCTIONS)O F CONTROL 152
1.C ontroCly cle. . . . . . . . .1 52. . . . . .
2.D eciosni-Makin.g . . . . . . . 1.5 4 . . . . .
3.S oicla DevelopmePnlta ns-aInm portaFnotr m of
160
ManageriDaelc siino-Making
4.O rganaitsion . . . . . . 156
5.R egulation . . . . . . . .1 74
6.A ccountianngd Inspect.i o.n .. 187
7.G ovenrmenta nd Soicla Informat.i o.n . . . . 182
ChapteSre venT.H E GENERAL PRINCIPLEOSF SCEINTIFIC
REGULATION . . . . . . .1 86. . .
1.D emocratCiecn triaslma s thBea sicP rincipolfe
SocialRiesgutl ati.o n 186
2.O bjectiv.i ty 197
3.Co ncreten.e s.s . 204
218
4.O ptimliatyE,f ficiency
5.T he MainL ink 226
6.St imulat.i on. . . 228
7.T erriatlo-rBiranPcrhi ncip.l e . . . 238
8.C ombining PaunbdlS itca tCeo ntro.l . . .2 42. .
ChapteEri ghtM.O DERN SCIENTIFICA ND TECHNICAL
MEANS OF CONTROL . . . . . . . .2 54. . . . . .
l.E mploymeonftM athematicGso vienr nme(nGtne eral
Remarks.) . . . . . . . . 2.5 4 . . . . . . .
2.M oderTne chnicMaela nso f InformatPiroonc essing
andA nalysis . . . . . . . .2 59. . . . .
3.M odelu-Bildin.g . . . . . .2 67. . . . . . .
4.A utomatioofMn a nagemen.t . . . . . 27. 6 . . .
THEORETCIAL PROBLEMSO F SCIENTIFMIACN AGEMENT
OF SOCIETY( Inl iue ofa conucsli)o n. . . . .2 83. . .
FOREWORD
fitoma�iioUb rmyfima
TRENUTN IVERSITY
PETERSOROUGH, ONTARO
Thes ocsicanilce es MaarnixsdtL -eninitst hoerpyl ya
a
grepaatri tnt hdeve elmoepnotfs ocliisasoittce ya nbdui dlign
ofc ommiusnTmh.e yop ravetsh wea y pfroarc itni cteih ta t
puttsh ·eid erctioofen c onosmoiccai,na dilt n lelueaclltei f
on sac ienbtaisTfiihcsed . e lvpoemneto ft hseo csiicaeln ces
andp ractaipcipaacltli oofnt herierc ommenadraneto i ons
leismpsor tnat mtatore ilpa roduacntdsiip otrnui aplr ogress
thaunt itliioosfnaa cehviemeonftt hsne at ursacnlic eeTsh.i s
meantsh tat hseoi clas cniceessh ounlocdto nfine themselves
toc omemntiunpgod ne ciiosntsh ahta vaerl eabdeyne t aken
ort ot hmee res attionfgf acbtusst,h oualcdt iavnedl y
puproesufllsuytdy l eii fna lilstc omplyea nxwdii ttahli lst
contcrtai,do inassnpudp lsyuh cr ecommenadsa tmibaoeyn s
ofp raclti impcoaritnd icrteitnhgbe u iilnodgfc omnmuism.
Scoiye ctanb es cniteificarlelcyti endsd p iirtogrfersosm
soclmii astoc ommunoinslmyt hobena soifes x akcnto wledge
oft hper oscesseiv noeldv.
"Thceo nstroufcc otmimounn iibsssa mde o n scTiheen ce.
growth icnarneidan sg ceoxmioptflyt hee conotmhye,
advanocfte h es cniteiafincd t echnriecvaoll utthieo n,
prefcetionfg csioarlea ltoinsa ndt her isoefc ultural
satnda,r mdakset hep roebmlso fa dmitnrtiaisomnor e
intraincdadv tieeer .sT"h1e p ractniedce taohl a ndtlhseee
prlombesh ass tiamtuerldai pdd veelopimnea n stp here of
knolewdgteh ahtab see n natmhesedc n iceoef m anagement
(coonl.tA) rlthough iti nt ohsreyi sgtioenftma h tseeco di al
1 50tAhn nviersoafrt yh Ger eaOtc toSboecri aRleivsotl uTthieosne.s
oft hCeP SUC entCroamlm itMtocesoew,1, 69 7p,.2 9.
5
scietnhcseec si,e onfmc aen age(mceonnt·td rraoswel x)t en­
sievloyn t haec hieveomfte hnet sn astcuirsea.nIl cni e ts
pressetnattt hei,ss p heorfke n owleidngcel usvdeeersa l
sepcibfirca ncvhiezes.c,,o nommainca gemmeannta,g1e ment
ofl aboaucrt ivoirtt hiseece sini tfiocr ganiosfla atbioounr ,2
staatdem inisatnrdla etgiivsecl oanott3lisr ,voeoc -ieconomic
cyberneettEcia.cc hso ,f4 tbhreasnec bhoeassc trse ditable
achievewmheiancrhtb see iinngt roidnup creadco tnia cne
eveirnr ceassiacenl.g
Todawye aarbelt eos ummatrhiaesv elab ailien fmoartion
ont hmea nageomfse conitye a tnvda riioniudvdsiu aslp heres
ofp ublliifcae n,dc oncenotnsr oamtgeee neprraolb loefm s
thsec ieonfmc anea gemTehnagtte. n eprraloleb mosfs cniece
havaep riocrliatwiyam sr epeaptoiendtloeyud bt y L enin,
who wr"o. ta.en.:y bowdhyo tapcarktliepasrl oe bmsl
1C fM.a terfioatrlh sAe l l-UnSicoinefi nct-ciTheniCcoanlf eroenn ce
theP roebmlso fS cientOirfigca nisoafSt oiiocanl Iinsdtu stMrainaal­
gemenStce.t ioNonss1. 5- ,M .,16 96( Rusesd;..A ).M .B irmSaonm,.e
Probloefm s the oSfcN iaetnicoEenc aoln oMmainca gemMe.n1,t69, 5
(Rusesd.;.)D .M .G vishiParnobil,eo mfSs c ienOtrifigca nisoaft ion
IndustMrainaalg emMe.n1,t9 ,66 (Rusesd;.. A ).A .G odunSoovm,e
Probloefm stT hheeo orfyP roducMtainoang emLeennti,n gUrnaidv er­
sit1y69,5( Ruesds;..Y ) .K .L igacEhceovn,o mPioclsi,tM iacnsa,g ement
PrinciMp.l1,e69 s5(, R uesds;..L ) . PNe.n tyuVk.h oYVve.,f reTmhoev ,
LeniPnr inciopflE ecso nomMiacn agemeMn.t,1, 69 6( Rusesd.;. )
A.S .P etrEocvo,n oPmriicn cipIlnedsu sotMfra inaalg emMe.n1,t69 ,6
(Ruesds..E) .A; p eGl., MiNtetwaE gc,o nomMiect hoodfsP lanning
andD irecotfti hoNena tioEncaoln oimnty h e GMD.R1,,69 6( Ruesds..) ,
etc.
2 CfS.c ienOtrigfiacn isoafLt aibooniu nrt hTew entKiaezs,a1 n69,5
(Ruesds..S) c;i enOtrigfiacn isaLtaiboonau nrodM f a nagemMe.n1,t69 ,5
{Ruesds;..M ) ethoodgioclaRle commendoantS icoinesn Otrigfiacn isation
ofL abouMr.,,1 6 96( Rusesd;..A ).K .G astTehve,P roper Way to
WorkA. PractIinctarlo dutcott ihoeSn c ienocfeO rganisoaft ion
LaboMu.r1,,69 6( Ruesds).e.,t c.
3C fL.e gParlo ebmlso fS cienMtainfiacg emMe.n1,t69 ,6 ( Ruesds;.. )
D.A .K erim"oLve,no intn h Sec ienSctea Atodefm inaitsitoLrne"n,i n­
grad UniBvuellrestiNitony. 5 ,1 696( Rusesd;..J ).S atro5cEilaek­,
mentosft hSec ieonfcM ea nagemMe.n1,t69 ,5 ( Ruesds,..e ) tc.
4 CfA.. I .B erCgy,b ernaeS tciiceson,fc e OptCiomnatlrM o.l1,,69 4
(Rusesd;..A ).I .B erYg.,I .C hernIynarfkom,a tiaonndC ontrMo.l,,
1696( Ruesds;.. ) MV..G lush"kCoyvb,e rannedCt oinctsor fNo alot nial
Ecomnyo'M'a,t esrf ioatrlh Pel enaMreye tionftg h Ael l-UniSocni en­
tific-TeCcohnnfiecroaenln cteh e PorfoS bclieemnOstr igfiacn isoaft ion
SociaIlnidsuts Mtarniaagle mMe.n1,t69 ,6 ( Ruesds;..V ) .S .N emchinov,
MathemaEtciocnaolMm eitch oadnsd ModMe.l,1s 69,5 (Rusesd.;. )
V.T rapezni"kEocvo,n omic oEffA fiuctioemnCacotyni tcr Noa lu"ki,a
·
Zhiz(nS ciaennPdcr ea c)tN iocs1e.11 ,2 1,69 5,e tc.
6
withuoth avingp reviousseltyt lgeedn erparlo bmlse,w ill
inetvaiblayn d eavte rsyet p' comuep a gaintshto'sg ee neral
problewmisht ouhti mselrfe asliinigt T.o comeu p against
themb lnidliy ne veriyn dividcuaasmlee antso d oomo ne's
poilyc tot hew orsvta claitloina ndl cako fp rinceisp.l"1
Accrodingtlhyi,bs o oik sd evotteods oem generparlo b­
lemso ft het heoroyf socli maanagem.en2Tt hist heory
ise ssentiaa lsloycl i sacienacned itd evoeplso n the
basiso f them ehtoodlogicalp rinceisp olf Marxism­
Lenisnmi.I stf unadmenttaeln ewtesr ee larbaotebdy M arx,
Engelasn d, partibcuyl Laernliynw,,h osve iwes on the
subejcta rep resenhteerdie n s oem detaAitlt .h es amet ime
thea uthohras endeavoutroed dr awo nw hath asb een
achievienpd r accteai nd tihne s oicalan dn atursacli ences
sincteh ed aysw hent hef oundeorfss cniteificcom munism
liveadn dw orke.d
systeimnitce,g ral
In thea uhtor'vsiw e,t he approatcoh
thef untcionianngdd evelopmoefsn toc iye wthichha sf ound
expressiinoh ni srtiocamla terialtihseMm a,r xistn-iiLnset
dotcrinoef t hes oicoe-conomfiocr maotni,i sp articularly
relevatnott het heoretpircoabll eomfsm anaegmenta nd
cont.r ol
Thea uthooftr e nr efetrost hea chievemoefnc tysb ernetics,
whihc hasr evealtehdem osgte nerlaalw osf c omplesxy stem
contlr.So tilhle,i sf ar frtohmi nkitnhga cty bernectainc s
solvet hep robleomfss ocimaaln gaemenitn a ll tchoemi­r
plexiatnyd d ievrsiCtyyb.e rnetsitcuisde sc ontrporloe csses
regardloefs tsh eq ualitantaitvuer oef selofn-ctrolling
systemsso;ct iye,o n theo thehran d,h ash ighlsyp ecific
featsu nroetc overbeydc yberneticsw.e nWeheadht e ries
sociaanla lyasnidis n,t hicsy berneptliacysms e relayn
auxilipaarryt .
Thep resebnoto iks a na ttemtpoti nvestiagnadst yes tem­
atsiet hec ontrporlo cesastwe osr ki ns oicetBya.s inhgi mself
ont hec lassso ifMc arxmi-sLeninitshmea, u thhoars a lso had
1V .I . LeConlilne,Wc otrekds l,1. 2V p,o.4 89.
2 Theraerv ee rfye ww orkosn tgheen etrhaelo reticaolf problems
thseic eincfitm anagemeonfst octiyT.eh eiyn lcudTeh:eS cienMtainfi­c
agemeonfSt o cieIstsuyN,eo .1 ,M .,6 61( 9Ruesds;..V ) .S .S emyonov,
"Prloebmosft hSeic efnitDciir ectoifSo onc ioon-moEiccPr ocesIsne s".
thec olleScctiieonnPt riifi.ncc iopftl heDesi recotfiS oonc io-Economic
Proce,sM s.e,1s 696( Rsu.se d;.A ). KB.e lyPkolhi,t iOcrgaaln isaotfi on
SocieatnydS ociaMlainsatg emLeennti,n gUrnaidv er1s9i6t(7yR ,u ss.
ed.. )
7
recoutrows oer kbsy v ariopuhsi plhoesrossco,io ogslits,
econitossmc,y bneertsia cnids tothnetires ntsdsce,ia evouring
tot hbee sotfh iasbl iyi ttod evelop anfdug retnahelerirs e
thierid eaansd dticossu so,rs omestm iemreetlosy e fto rth,
porblenmotsto ucuhpeoidnns ucwhok rs.
Thep orbml eofc ontarnodml a nageimsem natns yli-e<d
andt haeu tdhooren soc tl aihma vsteuo p palnieyex dah ustive
answe.rS suecscisn t hifeisl cda bne a chieivnne odo h ter
way tbhyaa jno ienftf oonrt th e opfat rhte ocraaelnt id
prcatciawlo rkienrcdsli,gun b ohts oilcaa nd unraastlc iiesntts.
Iti st haeuh torw'isst hod raawt tieonontn eca gationt his
mositm paonritts saunesdi t mautliesta l-lrouinnsdvt eiigoant.
Thea uthiosdr e epglrya tteofa ullol r ngsiaatiaonnds
idnividwuhaolfssre i ecnrtdiilcyai nsadmd cveih avhele ped
int hper eparaantpdiub olcnia toifot nhb ioso k.