The Science of Reason: A Festschrift for Jonathan St B.T. Evans

473 Pages·2010·3.256 MB·English

by  Ken Manktelow (editor), David Over (editor), Shira Elqayam (editor)

The Science of Reason
This volume is a state-of-the-art survey of the psychology of reasoning, based around,
and in tribute to, one of the field’s most eminent figures: Jonathan St B. T. Evans.
In this collection of cutting edge research, Evans’ collaborators and colleagues
review a wide range of important and developing areas of inquiry. These include
biases in thinking, probabilistic and causal reasoning, people’s use of “if” sentences in
arguments, the dual-process theory of thought, and the nature of human rationality.
These foundational issues are examined from various angles and finally integrated in a
concluding panoramic chapter written by Evans himself.
The nineteen chapters, all written by leading international researchers, combine
state-of-the-art research with investigation into the most fundamental questions
surrounding human mental life, such as:
• What is the architecture of the human mind?
• Are humans rational, and what is the nature of this rationality?
• How do we think hypothetically?
The Science of Reason offers a unique combination of breadth, depth and integrative
vision, making it an indispensable resource for researchers and students of human
reason.
Ken Manktelow is Professor of Psychology at the University of Wolverhampton. He
was an undergraduate at Plymouth when Jonathan Evans joined the Psychology
department, and became Evans’ first research student. Part of his PhD was published
in a paper with Evans in 1979. His main interests are in the psychology of deontic
reasoning and rationality, and his work is reported in several books (two with David
Over) and research papers.
David Over is a Professor of Psychology at Durham University. He has collaborated
with Jonathan Evans, publishing numerous articles and two books with him, on dual-
process theory and the new, probabilistic paradigm in the psychology of reasoning.
Shira Elqayam is a senior lecturer in psychology at De Montfort University. She was a
postdoctoral fellow at the University of Plymouth where Jonathan Evans was her
supervisor. Since then she has collaborated with Evans on several topics, as well as
with David Over. Her main interests are in the psychology of disjunctive reasoning,
meta-deduction, and rationality.

The Science of Reason
A Festschrift for Jonathan St B. T. Evans
Edited by Ken Manktelow, David Over,
and Shira Elqayam
First published 2011
by Psychology Press
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Psychology Press
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The science of reason : a Festschrift for Jonathan St. B. T. Evans /
edited by Ken Manktelow, David Over, and Shira Elqayam.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Reasoning (Psychology). 2. Thought and thinking. 3. Problem
solving. I. Evans, Jonathan St. B. T., 1948–. II. Manktelow,
K. I., 1952–. III. Over, D. E., 1946–. IV. Elqayam, Shira.
BF442.S25 2010
153.4′3–dc22
2010002556
ISBN 0-203-84712-1 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN: 978-1-84872-015-2 (hbk)
Contents
List of figures ix
List of tables xi
List of contributors xiii
1 Paradigms shift: Jonathan Evans and the science of reason 1
KEN MANKTELOW, DAVID OVER, AND SHIRA ELQAYAM
PART I
Thinking and reasoning: Psychological approaches 17
2 Solving natural syllogisms 19
GUY POLITZER
3 Probability evaluations, expectations,
and choices 37
VITTORIO GIROTTO AND MICHEL GONZALEZ
4 Arguments in mind 53
DAVID W. GREEN
5 Facilitation and analogical transfer on a
hypothetico-deductive reasoning task 63
CYNTHIA S. KOENIG AND RICHARD A. GRIGGS
PART II
If 91
6 Conditionals and disjunctions 93
KLAUS OBERAUER, SONJA GEIGER, AND
KATRIN FISCHER
vi Contents
7 The truth about conditionals 119
PHILIP N. JOHNSON-LAIRD
8 Uncertain deductive reasoning 145
NIKI PFEIFER AND GERNOT D. KLEITER
9 Thinking before you decide on the selection task:
Matching bias requires analytical reasoning 167
SIMON J. HANDLEY, STEPHEN E. NEWSTEAD, AND
HELEN NEILENS
10 Dual processes in the development of the understanding
of conditionals 191
PIERRE BARROUILLET AND CAROLINE GAUFFROY
PART III
Dual processes and beyond 217
11 Dual-process theories of thinking 219
PAOLO LEGRENZI
12 A conjunction of fallacies: What different types of
causal conjunction error reveal about dual processes
for thinking 237
AIDAN FEENEY AND AIMÉE CRISP
13 Scalar implicature: Inference, convention, and
dual processes 259
KEITH FRANKISH AND MARIA KASMIRLI
14 The dynamics of reasoning: Chronometric analysis and
dual-process theories 283
LINDEN J. BALL
15 Methodological and theoretical issues in belief bias:
Implications for dual-process theories 309
VALERIE A. THOMPSON, STEPHEN E. NEWSTEAD, AND
NICOLA J. MORLEY
16 Dual systems and dual processes but a single function 339
MIKE OAKSFORD AND NICK CHATER
Contents vii
PART IV
Rationality and reasoning 353
17 Individual differences as essential components of
heuristics and biases research 355
KEITH E. STANOVICH, RICHARD F. WEST, AND
MAGGIE E. TOPLAK
18 Grounded rationality: A relativist framework for
normative rationality 397
SHIRA ELQAYAM
PART V
Perspectives on thinking and reasoning 421
19 The psychology of reasoning: Reflections on four
decades of research 423
JONATHAN ST B. T. EVANS
Author index 445
Subject index 455

Figures
8.1 Boxplots of the probabilistic truth-table tasks: (a) tasks 1 and
3; (b) tasks 2 and 4 162
10.1 Distribution of response pattern in the truth-table task as a
function of groups 201
10.2 Per cent of response patterns categorized as conjunctive,
defective biconditional (Def Bicond), defective conditional
(Def Cond), matching (MP), and others as a function of
grades for (a) strong and (b) weak causal conditionals 206
10.3 Per cent of response patterns categorized as conjunctive,
defective biconditional (Def Bicond), defective conditional
(Def Cond), matching (MP) and others as a function of
grades for conditionals involving (a) binary (BB) or (b) no
binary (NN) terms 208
10.4 Per cent of response patterns categorized as conjunctive,
defective biconditional (Def Bicond), defective conditional
(Def Cond), equivalence, and others as a function of grades
for (a) threats and (b) promise 210
11.1 Diagram of the three doors 227
12.1 Effects of speeded versus delayed responding on rates of
fallacious responding observed with causal and category
reinforcement variants of the category-based
conjunction fallacy 249
12.2 Effects of loaded versus unloaded conditions on rates of
fallacious responding observed with causal and category
reinforcement variants of the category-based
conjunction fallacy 250
12.3 Rates of the causal conjunction fallacy for complete and
incomplete causal chains, broken down by distance 252
14.1 A schematic depiction of Evans’ (2006) revised
heuristic–analytic theory 287
14.2 Card inspection times in free-time versus rapid-response
paradigms (Ball et al., 2008) 293