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The Science of Life: Contributions of Biology to Hunman Welfare PDF

378 Pages·1972·17.33 MB·English
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THE SCIENCE OF LIFE Contributions Q/Biology to Human ~lfare FA SEB MONOGRAPHS General Editor: KARL F. HEUMANN Volume 1 • THE SCIENCE OF LIFE: Contributions of Biology to Human Welfare Edited by K. D. Fisher and A. U. Nixon A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. THE SCIENCE OF LIFE Contributions ifB iology to Human Mlfare Edited by K.D. FISHER and A. U. NIXON Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Bethesda, Maryland F ASEB, Bethesda PLENUM PRESS, N ew York and London Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Science of life. (FASEB monographs; v. 1) "The material in this book originally appeared in Federation pro- ceedings, volume 31, no. 6, part II, November-December 1972." Includes index. 1. Life sciences. 2. Biology. I. Fisher, Kenneth D. II. Nixon, A.U. III: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Feder- ation proceedings. IV. Series: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. FASEB monographs; v. 1. QH313.S45 574 75-5777 ISBN 978-1-4684-2630-4 ISBN 978-1-4684-2628-1 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-4684-2628-1 The material in this book originally appeared in Federation Proceedings Volume 31, No.6, Part II, November-December 1972 © 1972 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1972 Plenum Press, New York is a Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. 4a Lower John Street, London W1R 3PD, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission Preface The Science of Life: Contributions of Biology to Human Welfare is the fIrst of what we anticipate will be a series of monographs resulting from activities of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. From time to time material drawn from symposia presented at the an- nual meetings of the Societies, when considered suitable, will be published as separate FASEB Monographs. Usually, the material will have appeared in Federation Proceedings. Occasionally, other papers resulting from symposia, conferences, or special meetings sponsored by the Federation or one of its constituent societies will appear as a F ASEB monograph. In some instances, special articles on the same topic will be drawn together under one cover. Why should information which has already been printed and distributed as a part of the editorial content of a journal be republished as a monograph? Most of the ma- terial to be included in this effort, particularly the symposia presented at the annual meetings of the six Federated Societies, will summarize the state of the art ex- cellently. Such information will be of considerable value to students and teachers, especially for undergraduate honors courses or in graduate studies. In an effort to make this didactic resource readily available to students and teachers in educational institu- tions of all types, F ASEB has arranged with Plenum Pub- lishing Corporation to publish this new series of monographs. The marketing capability of Plenum Pub- lishing Corporation combined with the editorial competence of the F ASEB Office of Publications will make these monographs available in book shops around the world. Biologists, physicians, students, and teachers will find in these monographs an easily accessible fund v VI of current information hitherto limited to the pages of an esoteric journal. PREFACE The first volume in the FASEB Monographs series tells how the results of research in the biological sciences have a bearing on our daily lives, on our health, food, envinlln- ment, and the utilization of our natural resources. The text is timely because it shows, by example, how some of the problems that face us in the 1970's might be overcome through continued research on man and his environment. The volume is a smoothly written summary of the thoughts of over a hundred scientists on this subject. From this text the reader can gain a picture of the practical ac- complishments of research in biology and the need for more work. Former Senator Lister Hill, who has had a major role in the sponsorship of medical research in the United States, provides an inspiring Foreword to this story of ac- complishment. EUGENE L. HESS Executive Director Contents FOREWORD. The Honorable Lister Hill . ............. , xiii PANEL MEMBERS ............................... xvii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. E. H. Lennette and J. F. A. McManus . .......... . CHAPTER II. BASIC BIOMEDICINE. J. W. Colbert, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Speed of application ........... " 16 Reproductive physiology ....... " 17 Regulatory mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . 17 The lungs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The hormones, insulin and diabetes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Hormones and ulcers. . . . . . . . . . ... 24 Neurophysiology and mental diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 25 Cardiovascular diseases. . . . . . . . . . . 29 Comparative physiology. . . . . . . . . . 32 Macromolecules and DNA. . . . . . . . 33 The proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Enzymes ................. '" ... 38 Biosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Metabolic events. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 43 Energy..... . .... .. .. .... .. . . ... 44 The molecular basis of disease.. . . . 45 Rational design of drugs. . . . . . . . . . 47 Application of basic knowledge. 49 Poliomyelitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Measles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Rubella.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Tuberculosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Selected additional reading. . . .. . 54 Vll Vlll CHAPTER III. CLINICAL MEDICINE. G. E. Burch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 CONTENTS Infectious diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56 Parasitic diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61 Community health and epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. 62 Military research contributions. . .. 65 Drugs .......................... 67 Immunology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69 Transplantation ................ , 71 Anesthesiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 74 Surgery ....................... , 77 Cardiovascular surgery. . . . . . . . . .. 78 Cardiovascular disease . . . . . . . . . .. 85 Renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92 Pulmonary disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96 Hematology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100 Endocrinology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 106 Medical genetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117 Pediatrics ...................... 121 Obstetrics and gynecology ........ 127 Geriatrics ...................... 131 Nutrition ....................... 133 Neurology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 138 Psychiatry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141 Ophthalmology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Otorhinolaryngology. . . . . . . . . . . .' 144 Radiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Nuclear medicine ................ 149 Bioengineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151 Automation .................... 154 Rehabilitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ., 155 Selected additional reading ....... 157 CHAPTER IV. DENTAL SCIENCE. J. F. Volker ............. ........ 161 Introduction ................. ". 161 Dental decay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 162 Periodontal disease. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 169 Other clinical considerations. . . . .. 172 Delivery of dental services. . . . . . . . 173 Dental materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 177 Orthodontics . . ............. , .. , 180 Surgical orthodontics ............ 181 IX Maxillofacial prosthesis .......... 182 Selected additional reading ....... 184 CONTENTS CHAPTER V. FOOD. E.M.Mrak ............ ·. .. ...... 187 Introduction ................. .. . 187 Food from plants ................ 189 Harvest to table ................. 198 Food from animals ...... : ........ 201 Animal disease control. .......... 209 Preserving and distributing food from animals ............. 210 Processing and preserving foods . ... 210 Conclusion ..................... 212 Selected additional reading. . . .... 213 CHAPTER VI. POPULATION BIOLOGY. F. B. Bang ...................... 215 Introduction .................... 215 Population potential and carrying capacity .............. 216 Populations in ecosystems ......... 223 Controlling pest populations. . .... 224 Selected additional reading ....... 240 CHAPTER VII. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS J. J. Hanlon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 243 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 243 Biological hazards to man . . . . . . .. 251 Chemical hazards to man. . . . . . .. 254 Naturally occurring chemicals ............... 256 Toxic chemicals in fungi and plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 260 Industrial wastes. . . . . . . . . . .. 261 Water pollution ............. 266 Synthetic chemicals. . . . . . . . .. 269 Summary and conclusions-chemical hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 275 x Physical hazards to man. . . . . . 278 Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Noise....... .. .. . . .. ... 283 CONTENTS Injury. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Summary and conclusions-physical hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 292 Selected additional reading. . . 294 CHAPTER VIII. MARINE SCIENCES. C. P. Idyll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Feeding man..... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 302 Resource assessment. . . . . . . . . . 302 Behavior studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Value of prediction of fishing success. . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Preservation of fishery products 309 Fish protein concentrate. . . . . . . .. 311 Management of renewable resources. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Diseases and parasites. . . . . . . . . .. 315 Man and his environment. . .. ... 317 Health and medical research. . ... 319 Selected additional reading. . . . . . 324 CHAPTER IX. NATURAL RESOURCES. F. Sargent II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325 Man and his resources. . . . . . . . . .. 325 Land: the greatest resource. " ... 326 Agricultural lands. . . . . . . . . . .. 327 Rangelands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 328 Rangeland flora. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 329 Rangeland fauna. . . . . . . . . . . .. 329 Forest and timber resources .... " 331 Forest pests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 332 Game management. . . . . . . . . . . .. 334 Technology in resource management. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 335 Microbes-the unseen resource. .. 336 Microorganisms in nature.. ... 337 Microbes in the service of man ... 337 Protein from microorganisms: a new vista. . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 340

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