The science of laboratory diagnosis PDF
Preview The science of laboratory diagnosis
THE SCIENCE OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Second Edition Edited by David Burnett Micropathology Ltd. University of Warwick Science Park, Sir William Lyon’s Road, Coventry CV4 7EZ, UK John Crocker Department of Cellular Pathology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, UK Copyright#2005 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone (+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wileyeurope.comorwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,except underthetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbythe CopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermission inwritingofthePublisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment, JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,or [email protected],orfaxedto(þ44)1243770620. 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With love to our families ‘‘Faith’’ is a fine invention When Gentlemen can see– But Microscopes are prudent In an Emergency Emily Dickinson Contents Preface to the first edition xv Indirectmethods 35 Multi-stagemethods 35 Preface to the second edition xvii Applicationsofimmunohistochemistry 41 Qualitycontrol 41 Automation 41 Contributors list xix Imaging 41 Furtherreading 42 SECTION 1 HISTOPATHOLOGY 1 5 Electron microscopy in pathology 43 SECTION EDITOR JOHN CROCKER Brian Eyden 1 Specimen handling and preparation for Introduction 43 routine diagnostic histopathology 3 PrinciplesofEMtechniqueandorganization 44 PJ Smith and JLWarfield Applicationsoftransmissionelectronmicroscopy 48 Specializedtechniques andprocedures 54 Introduction 3 Summary 59 Specimenmanagementsystems 4 Acknowledgements 59 Specimenreceiptandhandling 4 References 60 Fixationanddecalcification 5 Furtherreading 60 Tissueprocessingandembedding 7 Microtomy 11 6 Light microscopy 61 Specialtechniques 13 Brian Boullier Furtherreading 15 Acknowledgements 15 Introduction 61 Basicmicroscope design 61 2 General stains 17 Typesofmicroscopy 63 Barrie Sims Photomicrography 66 Furtherreading 67 Whystain? 17 Basicstainingmechanisms 17 7 Quantitative methods in tissue Commonstainingmethods 20 pathology 69 Conclusions 25 Peter W Hamilton and Derek C Allen Furtherreading 25 Acknowledgements 25 Introduction 69 Methods 69 3 Enzyme histochemistry 27 Applicationsofmeasurementindiagnostic Trevor Gray and Neil Hand pathology 75 Automationintissuehistology 79 Introduction 27 Conclusion 81 Structureandclassification 27 Furtherreading 81 Preservationandpreparation 28 Histochemicaltechniques 29 8 Proliferation markers in Diagnosticapplicationsofenzymehistochemistry 31 histopathology 83 Conclusion 34 Cheryl E Gillett and Diana M Barnes References 34 Introduction 83 4 Immunohistochemistry 35 Proliferationmarkers 83 Jane Starczynski and John Crocker Practicaluseofmarkers 88 Methodofevaluation 89 Introduction 35 Inconclusion 92 Directmethods 35 Furtherreading 92 viii CONTENTS SECTION 2 CYTOLOGY 93 12 Identification of bacteria 135 SECTION EDITOR ADRIAN T WARFIELD Andrew J Hay Introduction 135 9 Cytopathology 95 Directidentification 135 Adrian T Warfield Identificationfollowingculture 136 Identificationofbacteriaofmedical Introduction 95 importance 140 Typesofcytologyspecimen 95 Furtherreading 144 Smearingtechniques 99 Specimenfixation 99 13 Automated tests in bacteriology 145 Cellconcentrationtechniques 99 Paul C Boreland Stainingmethods 103 Cytodiagnosis 104 Introduction 145 Cytomorphology 105 Bloodculturesystems 145 Accuracyandlimitationsofcytology 112 Antimicrobialsusceptibility testing Gynaecologicalcytopathologyandcervical andidentificationsystems 146 screening 113 Urinescreeningsystems 148 Qualityassurance indiagnosticcytology 119 Identificationandantimicrobialsusceptibility Furtherreading 119 testingsystemsformycobacteria 149 Comment 150 Furtherreading 150 SECTION 3 MICROBIOLOGY -- BACTERIOLOGY 121 14 Bacteriology molecular techniques: SECTION EDITOR DARREL HO-YEN sample preparation and application 151 Richard E Holliman and Julie D Johnson 10 Microscopy in bacteriology: application Theneedformolecularmethods 151 and sample preparation 123 Sample preparation 151 Dugald R Baird Amplification 152 Qualitycontrol 153 Introduction 123 Currentpractice 153 Lightmicroscopy 123 Epidemiologyandtyping 156 Fluorescencemicroscopy 123 Problemswithmolecularmethods 156 Specimensformicroscopy 124 Futureapplication 156 Examinationofunstainedspecimens Furtherreading 157 bytransmittedlight 124 Examinationofunstainedspecimensusing darkgroundillumination 125 15 Other tests in bacteriology 159 Stainingofspecimens 125 Darrel Ho-Yen Furtherreading 128 Introduction 159 Testsforantibody 159 11 Culture media in bacteriology 129 TestsforAntigen 162 Eric Y Bridson Antigen-specificimmunecomplextesting 162 Othertests 163 Culturemediainmicrobiology 129 Futuredevelopments 164 Formulationofculturemedia 130 Furtherreading 164 Enrichmentandselectioninfluidmedia 131 Chemicallydefinedculturemediaversus complexundefinedmedia 131 16 Control of antimicrobial Growthenvironmentalfactors 132 chemotherapy 165 Wateractivity(aw) 132 Ian M Gould Storageofculturemedia 132 Qualitytests 133 Introduction 165 Thefutureofculturemedia 134 Generalprinciples oflaboratorycontrol Quantalmicrobiology 134 ofchemotherapy 167 Furtherreading 134 Sensitivitytesting 168
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