The Science of Citizen Science PDF
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Katrin Vohland · Anne Land-Zandstra Luigi Ceccaroni · Rob Lemmens Josep Perelló · Marisa Ponti Roeland Samson · Katherin Wagenknecht Editors The Science of Citizen Science The Science of Citizen Science (cid:129) (cid:129) Katrin Vohland Anne Land-Zandstra (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) Luigi Ceccaroni Rob Lemmens Josep Perelló (cid:129) (cid:129) Marisa Ponti Roeland Samson Katherin Wagenknecht Editors The Science of Citizen Science Editors KatrinVohland AnneLand-Zandstra MuseumfürNaturkundeBerlin–Leibniz FacultyofScience InstituteforEvolutionandBiodiversity LeidenUniversity Science(MfN) Leiden,TheNetherlands Berlin,Germany RobLemmens NaturalHistoryMuseum(NHM) FacultyofGeo-InformationScienceandEarth Vienna,Austria Observation(ITC) UniversityofTwente LuigiCeccaroni Enschede,TheNetherlands EarthwatchEurope Oxford,UK MarisaPonti DepartmentofAppliedInformationTechnology JosepPerelló UniversityofGothenburg OpenSystems,DepartamentdeFísicadela Gothenburg,Sweden MatèriaCondensada UniversitatdeBarcelona KatherinWagenknecht Barcelona,Spain MuseumfürNaturkundeBerlin–Leibniz InstituteforEvolutionandBiodiversityScience RoelandSamson (MfN) DepartmentofBioscienceEngineering Berlin,Germany UniversityofAntwerp Antwerp,Belgium ISBN978-3-030-58277-7 ISBN978-3-030-58278-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2021.Thisbookisanopenaccesspublication. 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SPOTTERONCitizenScience|www.spotteron.net ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents 1 Editorial:TheScienceofCitizenScienceEvolves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 KatrinVohland,AnneLand-Zandstra,LuigiCeccaroni, RobLemmens,JosepPerelló,MarisaPonti,RoelandSamson, andKatherinWagenknecht 2 WhatIsCitizenScience?TheChallengesofDefinition. . . . . . . . . . 13 Mordechai(Muki)Haklay,DanielDörler,FlorianHeigl, MarinaManzoni,SusanneHecker,andKatrinVohland 3 CitizenScienceinEurope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 KatrinVohland,ClaudiaGöbel,BálintBalázs,EglėButkevičienė, MariaDaskolia,BarboraDuží,SusanneHecker,MarinaManzoni, andSvenSchade PartI CitizenScienceasScience 4 ScienceasaCommons:ImprovingtheGovernance ofKnowledgeThroughCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 MaitePelacho,HannotRodríguez,FernandoBroncano, RenataKubus,FranciscoSanzGarcía,BeatrizGavete, andAntonioLafuente 5 CitizenScienceintheNaturalSciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 DidoneFrigerio,AnettRichter,EsraPer,BaibaPruse, andKatrinVohland 6 CitizenHumanities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 BarbaraHeinisch,KristinOswald,MaikeWeißpflug, SallyShuttleworth,andGeoffreyBelknap v vi Contents 7 CitizenSocialScience:NewandEstablishedApproaches toParticipationinSocialResearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 AlexandraAlbert,BálintBalázs,EglėButkevičienė,KatjaMayer, andJosepPerelló 8 DataQualityinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 BálintBalázs,PeterMooney,EvaNováková,LucyBastin, andJamalJokarArsanjani 9 AConceptualModelforParticipantsandActivitiesinCitizen ScienceProjects. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 159 RobLemmens,GillesFalquet,ChrisaTsinaraki,FriederikeKlan, SvenSchade,LucyBastin,JaumePiera,VyronAntoniou, JakubTrojan,FrankOstermann,andLuigiCeccaroni 10 MachineLearninginCitizenScience:Promises andImplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 MartinaFranzen,LaureKloetzer,MarisaPonti,JakubTrojan, andJuliánVicens 11 ParticipationandCo-creationinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 EnricSenabreHidalgo,JosepPerelló,FrankBecker, IsabelleBonhoure,MartineLegris,andAnnaCigarini 12 CitizenScience,Health,andEnvironmentalJustice. . . . . . . . . . . . 219 LuigiCeccaroni,SashaM.Woods,JamesSprinks,SacobyWilson, ElaineM.Faustman,AlettaBonn,BastianGreshakeTzovaras, LaiaSubirats,andAyaH.Kimura PartII CitizenScienceinSociety 13 ParticipantsinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 AnneLand-Zandstra,GaiaAgnello,andYaşarSelmanGültekin 14 InclusivenessandDiversityinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 CarolePaleco,SabinaGarcíaPeter,NoraSalasSeoane, JuliaKaufmann,andPanagiotaArgyri 15 LearninginCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 LaureKloetzer,JuliaLorke,JosephRoche,YaelaGolumbic, SilviaWinter,andAikiJõgeva 16 CitizenScienceCaseStudiesandTheirImpactsonSocial Innovation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 EglėButkevičienė,ArtemisSkarlatidou,BálintBalázs,BarboraDuží, LucianoMassetti,IoannisTsampoulatidis,andLoretaTauginienė Contents vii 17 ScienceasaLever:TheRolesandPowerofCivilSociety OrganisationsinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 ClaudiaGöbel,LucileOttolini,andAnnettSchulze 18 CitizenScienceandPolicy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 SvenSchade,MaitePelacho,Toos(C.G.E.)vanNoordwijk, KatrinVohland,SusanneHecker,andMarinaManzoni 19 CreatingPositiveEnvironmentalImpactThroughCitizen Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Toos(C.G.E.)vanNoordwijk,IsabelBishop,SarahStaunton-Lamb, AliceOldfield,StevenLoiselle,HilaryGeoghegan, andLuigiCeccaroni 20 EthicalChallengesandDynamicInformedConsent. . . . . . . . . . . . 397 LoretaTauginienė,PhilippHummer,AlexandraAlbert, AnnaCigarini,andKatrinVohland PartIII CitizenScienceinPractice 21 FindingWhatYouNeed:AGuidetoCitizenScienceGuidelines. . . 419 FranciscoSanzGarcía,MaitePelacho,TimWoods,DilekFraisl, LindaSee,Mordechai(Muki)Haklay,andRosaArias 22 CitizenSciencePlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Hai-YingLiu,DanielDörler,FlorianHeigl,andSonjaGrossberndt 23 CitizenScienceintheDigitalWorldofApps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 RobLemmens,VyronAntoniou,PhilippHummer, andChryssyPotsiou 24 CommunicationandDisseminationinCitizenScience. . . . . . . . . . . 475 SimoneRüfenacht,TimWoods,GaiaAgnello,MargaretGold, PhilippHummer,AnneLand-Zandstra,andAndreaSieber 25 EvaluationinCitizenScience:TheArtofTracing aMovingTarget. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 TeresaSchaefer,BarbaraKieslinger,MiriamBrandt, andVanessavandenBogaert PartIV Conclusions/LessonsLearnt 26 TheRecentPastandPossibleFuturesofCitizenScience: FinalRemarks. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 517 JosepPerelló,AndrzejKlimczuk,AnneLand-Zandstra, KatrinVohland,KatherinWagenknecht,ClaireNarraway, RobLemmens,andMarisaPonti Chapter 1 Editorial: The Science of Citizen Science Evolves KatrinVohland,AnneLand-Zandstra,LuigiCeccaroni,RobLemmens, JosepPerelló,MarisaPonti,RoelandSamson,andKatherinWagenknecht What Is Citizen Science? Citizen science broadly refers to the active engagement of the general public in scientificresearchtasks.Citizenscienceisagrowingpracticeinwhichscientistsand citizens collaborate to produce new knowledge for science and society. Although K.Vohland(*) MuseumfürNaturkundeBerlin–LeibnizInstituteforEvolutionandBiodiversityScience (MfN),Berlin,Germany NaturalHistoryMuseum(NHM),Vienna,Austria e-mail:[email protected] A.Land-Zandstra FacultyofScience,LeidenUniversity,Leiden,TheNetherlands L.Ceccaroni EarthwatchEurope,Oxford,UK R.Lemmens FacultyofGeo-InformationScienceandEarthObservation(ITC),UniversityofTwente, Enschede,TheNetherlands J.Perelló OpenSystems,DepartamentdeFísicadelaMatèriaCondensada,UniversitatdeBarcelona, Barcelona,Spain M.Ponti DepartmentofAppliedInformationTechnology,UniversityofGothenburg,Gothenburg,Sweden R.Samson DepartmentofBioscienceEngineering,UniversityofAntwerp,Antwerp,Belgium K.Wagenknecht MuseumfürNaturkundeBerlin–LeibnizInstituteforEvolutionandBiodiversityScience (MfN),Berlin,Germany ©TheAuthor(s)2021 1 K.Vohlandetal.(eds.),TheScienceofCitizenScience, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4_1 2 K.Vohlandetal. citizensciencehasbeenaroundforcenturies,thetermcitizensciencewascoinedin the 1990s and has gained popularity since then. Recognition of citizen science is growing in the fields of science, policy, and education and in wider society. It is establishingitselfasafieldofresearchandafieldofpractice,increasingtheneedfor overarchinginsights,standards,vocabulary,andguidelines. In the process reflecting citizen science and its practices, many questions arise. Howoldiscitizenscience?Whatisthedifference, ifany,betweencitizenscience, participatory science, post-normal science, civic science, and crowd science? Is citizen science just a new political term in order to obtain funding? Some critics viewcitizenscienceasarenewedneoliberalapproachtoexploitcitizensbymaking themworkforfreewhendataisakeyassetofourcentury.Thesequestionsmaynot befullyanswerable,buttheysurelydeserveconsidereddebate.Thesequestionsarea primeexampleoftheneedtomaintainalivelydiscoursearoundcitizenscience,with asmanypractitionersaspossible,andthenbringtogetherinasinglebookallthese perspectives.Therefore,thepresentvolumeaimstooffertothosewhoarenewtothe fieldofcitizenscienceanoverviewofthedifferentaspectsofcitizenscienceandthe currentdevelopmentsanddiscussionsinthefield.Thelargenumberofchaptersisan illustration of how diverse the citizen science world is and how many different aspectsneedtobeconsideredwhendelvingintothefield. Thisbookattemptstohandleinaholisticmanneralldimensionsofcitizenscience, starting with a detailed understanding of the concepts, of science, research, and knowledge. The ambition of this book is to provide a complete picture of citizen science, including the always important ethical aspects, as well as its controversial links with commercialisation and social outcomes as well as the application of different definitions as outlined by Haklay et al. in chapter 2. Cultural differences are also at stake, as seen in the Europe-wide understanding of citizen science, describedbyVohlandetal.inchapter3. The European Citizen Science Association (ECSA) has characterised citizen science (Haklay et al. 2020) based on the ECSA 10 Principles of Citizen Science forgoodpractice(Robinsonetal.2018).Thisworkprovidedthereferencetobuild the different chapters in this book, addressing questions of power relations, data ownership,andpoliticalimpact.Thebookaimstocontributetothegoodpracticeof citizenscienceinordertodevelopcitizenscienceasanacknowledgedandbroadly practiced approach in universities, other research institutes, and civil society orga- nisations.Thescientificandepistemologicalbenefitsofcitizensciencefordifferent disciplinesarealsoaddressedandcriticallyreflectedupon,mainlyinthefirstpartof the book. The second part of the book focuses on the societal impact of citizen science,withregardtopolicy,learning,andtriggering(social)innovation.Thetools and instruments that are appropriate to support and mainstream citizen science are elaboratedinthethirdpartofthebook. 1 Editorial:TheScienceofCitizenScienceEvolves 3 The Emergence of the COST Action Research Network ThepresentvolumelargelyincorporatestheresearchnetworkoftheCOST(Coop- eration in Science and Technology) Action CA15212 Citizen Science to Promote Creativity, Scientific Literacy, and Innovation throughout Europe and includes additional authors in order to provide a complete and coherent scholarly book on citizenscience. A European Union (EU)1 programme, COST includes tools for networking to improvescientificexcellenceandscientificintegrationinEurope.Itstartedin1971 andhassupportedthedevelopmentoftheEuropeanResearchEra(ERA)intwokey areas: (1) scientific excellence and innovative power and (2) inclusiveness. COST has38membercountries,andIsraelisacooperatingpartner(Fig.1.1). The main tool in COST are Actions, which are networks that are supported by funding for travel costs for workshops and training schools, and also scientific exchanges which are called Short Term Scientific Missions (STSM). The member countries nominate the members of each Management Committee (MC) – the key decision-makingbodyofeachAction.ThevisionofCOSTistosupportinnovative, Fig.1.1 EuropeanUnionmembercountriesduringthekeyphaseofCOSTActionCA15212(the UKleft theEUon1 February2020) and membercountries ofCOST. Except for Moldovaand Iceland, all COST countries are members of CA15212. Country data: World Bank Official Boundaries;COSTdatafromwww.cost.eu 1https://www.cost.eu/
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