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The Science Book: From Darwin to Dark Energy—250 Milestones in the History of Science Sterling PDF

779 Pages·2019·32.85 MB·English
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Preview The Science Book: From Darwin to Dark Energy—250 Milestones in the History of Science Sterling

THE SCIENCE BOOK From Darwin to Dark Energy, 250 Milestones in the History of Science Clifford A. Pickover STERLING and the distinctive Sterling logo are registered trademarks of Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. Introduction © 2018 Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. Text pages 22, 32, 78, 298, 430, 432, 456, 468, 496, 500, 508 from The Space Book © 2013 Jim Bell Text pages 158, 194, 212, 216, 248, 254, 260, 284, 294, 316, 366, 372, 394, 418, 446, 452, 454, 458, 474, 490, 492 from The Engineering Book © 2015 Marshall Brain Text pages 14, 16, 18, 20, 96, 116, 136, 140, 178, 184, 186, 190, 192, 220, 222, 250, 306, 330, 334, 412, 420, 428, 440, 448, 484, 486 from The Biology Book © 2015 Michael C. Gerald Text pages 38, 66, 72, 196, 198, 240, 246, 314, 350, 360, 380, 402 from The Chemistry Book © 2016 Derek B. Lowe Text pages 12, 26, 36, 42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 68, 70, 74, 80, 88, 98, 102, 106, 108, 112, 130, 132, 134, 142, 152, 162, 166, 168, 182, 206, 218, 226,242, 244, 258, 270, 280, 318, 342, 358, 374, 384, 400, 436, 460, 462, 464, 510 from The Math Book © 2009 Clifford Pickover Text pages 30, 44, 76, 82, 86, 100, 114, 122, 124, 144, 146, 154, 180, 202, 208, 214, 228, 232, 236, 238, 264, 266, 276, 282, 296, 338, 388, 398, 404, 408, 410, 424, 426, 438, 450, 476, 478, 480, 498, 502, 506 from The Medical Book © 2012 Clifford Pickover Text pages 28, 34, 40, 52, 56, 60, 62, 64, 84, 90, 92, 104, 110, 118, 120, 126, 128, 138, 148, 150, 156, 160, 164, 170, 172, 174, 176, 188, 200, 204, 210, 224, 230, 234, 244, 252, 256, 268, 272, 274, 278, 288, 290, 292, 300, 302, 304, 308, 310, 312, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 332, 336, 340, 344, 346, 348, 352, 354, 356, 362, 364, 368, 370, 376, 378, 382, 386, 390, 392, 396, 406, 414, 422, 434, 442, 444, 470, 472, 482, 488, 494, 504 from The Physics Book © 2011 Clifford Pickover Text pages 262, 286, 416, 466 from The Psychology Book © 2014 Wade E. Pickren All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (including electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-1-4549-3300-7 For information about custom editions, special sales, and premium and corporate purchases, please contact Sterling Special Sales at [email protected]. sterlingpublishing.com See page 526 for Photo Credits. Contents Introduction c. 18,000 BCE Ishango Bone Clifford A. Pickover c. 11,000 BCE Wheat: The Staff of Life Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald c. 10,000 BCE Agriculture Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald c. 10,000 BCE Domestication of Animals Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald c. 7000 BCE Rice Cultivation Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald c. 5000 BCE Birth of Cosmology Jim Bell c. 3300 BCE Bronze Derek B. Lowe c. 3000 BCE Dice Clifford A. Pickover c. 3000 BCE Sundial Clifford A. Pickover c. 3000 BCE Sutures Clifford A. Pickover c. 2500 BCE Egyptian Astronomy Jim Bell c. 1850 BCE Arch Clifford A. Pickover c. 1650 BCE Rhind Papyrus Clifford A. Pickover c. 1300 BCE Iron Smelting Derek B. Lowe c. 1000 BCE Olmec Compass Clifford A. Pickover c. 600 BCE Pythagorean Theorem and Triangles Clifford A. Pickover c. 600 BCE Sewage Systems Clifford A. Pickover c. 350 BCE Aristotle’s Organon Clifford A. Pickover c. 350 BCE Platonic Solids Clifford A. Pickover c. 300 BCE Euclid’s Elements Clifford A. Pickover c. 250 BCE Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy Clifford A. Pickover c. 250 BCE π Clifford A. Pickover c. 240 BCE Eratosthenes Measures the Earth Clifford A. Pickover c. 240 BCE Sieve of Eratosthenes Clifford A. Pickover c. 230 BCE Pulley Clifford A. Pickover c. 125 BCE Antikythera Mechanism Clifford A. Pickover c. 50 Gears Clifford A. Pickover c. 126 Roman Concrete Derek B. Lowe c. 650 Zero Clifford A. Pickover 830 al-Khwarizmi’s Algebra Clifford A. Pickover c. 850 Gunpowder Derek B. Lowe 1202 Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci Clifford A. Pickover 1284 Eyeglasses Clifford A. Pickover c. 1500 Early Calculus Jim Bell 1509 Golden Ratio Clifford A. Pickover 1543 De Humani Corporis Fabrica Clifford A. Pickover 1543 Sun-Centered Universe Clifford A. Pickover 1545 Paré’s “Rational Surgery” Clifford A. Pickover 1572 Imaginary Numbers Clifford A. Pickover 1608 Telescope Clifford A. Pickover 1609 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Clifford A. Pickover 1614 Logarithms Clifford A. Pickover 1620 Scientific Method Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1621 Slide Rule Clifford A. Pickover 1628 Circulatory System Clifford A. Pickover 1637 Descartes’ La Géométrie Clifford A. Pickover 1638 Acceleration of Falling Objects Clifford A. Pickover 1639 Projective Geometry Clifford A. Pickover 1654 Pascal’s Triangle Clifford A. Pickover 1660 Von Guericke’s Electrostatic Generator Clifford A. Pickover 1665 Development of Modern Calculus Clifford A. Pickover 1665 Micrographia Clifford A. Pickover 1668 Refuting Spontaneous Generation Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1672 Measuring the Solar System Clifford A. Pickover 1672 Newton’s Prism Clifford A. Pickover 1678 Discovery of Sperm Clifford A. Pickover 1683 Zoo Within Us Clifford A. Pickover 1687 Newton as Inspiration Clifford A. Pickover 1687 Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravitation Clifford A. Pickover 1713 Law of Large Numbers Clifford A. Pickover 1727 Euler’s Number, e Clifford A. Pickover 1733 Normal Distribution Curve Clifford A. Pickover 1735 Linnaean Classification of Species Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1738 Bernoulli’s Law of Fluid Dynamics Clifford A. Pickover 1760 Artificial Selection (Selective Breeding) Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1761 Bayes’ Theorem Clifford A. Pickover 1761 Causes of Cancer Clifford A. Pickover 1761 Morgagni’s “Cries of Suffering Organs” Clifford A. Pickover 1783 Black Holes Clifford A. Pickover 1785 Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatics Clifford A. Pickover 1797 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Clifford A. Pickover 1798 Smallpox Vaccine Clifford A. Pickover 1800 Battery Clifford A. Pickover 1800 High-Pressure Steam Engine Marshall Brain 1801 Wave Nature of Light Clifford A. Pickover 1807 Fourier Series Clifford A. Pickover 1808 Atomic Theory Clifford A. Pickover 1812 Laplace’s Théorie Analytique des Probabilités Clifford A. Pickover 1822 Babbage Mechanical Computer Clifford A. Pickover 1824 Carnot Engine Clifford A. Pickover 1824 Greenhouse Effect Clifford A. Pickover 1825 Ampère’s Law of Electromagnetism Clifford A. Pickover 1827 Brownian Motion Clifford A. Pickover 1828 Germ-Layer Theory of Development Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1829 Blood Transfusion Clifford A. Pickover 1829 Non-Euclidean Geometry Clifford A. Pickover 1831 Cell Nucleus Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1831 Darwin and the Voyages of the Beagle Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1831 Faraday’s Laws of Induction Clifford A. Pickover 1836 Fossil Record and Evolution Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1837 Nitrogen Cycle and Plant Chemistry Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1837 Telegraph System Marshall Brain 1839 Daguerreotype Derek B. Lowe 1839 Rubber Derek B. Lowe 1841 Fiber Optics Clifford A. Pickover 1842 General Anesthesia Clifford A. Pickover 1843 Conservation of Energy Clifford A. Pickover 1844 Transcendental Numbers Clifford A. Pickover 1847 Semmelweis’s Hand Washing Clifford A. Pickover 1850 Second Law of Thermodynamics Clifford A. Pickover 1855 Bessemer Process Marshall Brain 1855 Cell Division Clifford A. Pickover 1856 Plastic Marshall Brain 1858 Möbius Strip Clifford A. Pickover 1859 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Section Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1859 Ecological Interactions Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1859 Kinetic Theory Clifford A. Pickover 1859 Riemann Hypothesis Clifford A. Pickover 1861 Cerebral Localization Clifford A. Pickover 1861 Maxwell’s Equations Clifford A. Pickover 1862 Germ Theory of Disease Clifford A. Pickover 1864 Electromagnetic Spectrum Clifford A. Pickover 1865 Antiseptics Clifford A. Pickover 1865 Mendel’s Genetics Clifford A. Pickover 1869 Periodic Table Derek B. Lowe 1874 Cantor’s Transfinite Numbers Clifford A. Pickover 1875 Boltzmann’s Entropy Equation Clifford A. Pickover 1876 Gibbs Free Energy Derek B. Lowe 1876 Telephone Marshall Brain 1878 Enzymes Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1878 Incandescent Light Bulb Clifford A. Pickover 1878 Power Grid Marshall Brain 1887 Michelson-Morley Experiment Clifford A. Pickover 1888 Tesseract Clifford A. Pickover 1890 Steam Turbine Marshall Brain 1890 The Principles of Psychology Wade E. Pickren 1891 Neuron Doctrine Clifford A. Pickover 1892 Discovery of Viruses Clifford A. Pickover 1895 X-rays Clifford A. Pickover 1896 Proof of the Prime Number Theorem Clifford A. Pickover 1896 Radioactivity Clifford A. Pickover 1897 Electron Clifford A. Pickover 1899 Psychoanalysis Clifford A. Pickover 1900 Blackbody Radiation Law Clifford A. Pickover 1900 Hilbert’s 23 Problems Clifford A. Pickover 1902 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Clifford A. Pickover 1903 Wright Brothers’ Airplane Marshall Brain 1903 Classical Conditioning Wade E. Pickren 1905 E = mc2 Clifford A. Pickover 1905 Photoelectric Effect Clifford A. Pickover 1905 Special Theory of Relativity Clifford A. Pickover 1908 Internal Combustion Engine Marshall Brain 1910 Chlorination of Water Clifford A. Pickover 1910 Main Sequence Jim Bell 1911 Atomic Nucleus Clifford A. Pickover 1911 Superconductivity Clifford A. Pickover 1912 Bragg’s Law of Crystal Diffraction Clifford A. Pickover 1912 Continental Drift Michael C. Gerald with Gloria E. Gerald 1913 Bohr Atom Clifford A. Pickover 1915 General Theory of Relativity Clifford A. Pickover 1919 String Theory Clifford A. Pickover 1920 Hydrogen Bonding Derek B. Lowe 1920 Radio Station Marshall Brain 1921 Noether’s Idealtheorie Clifford A. Pickover 1921 Einstein as Inspiration Clifford A. Pickover 1924 De Broglie Relation Clifford A. Pickover 1925 Pauli Exclusion Principle Clifford A. Pickover 1926 Schrödinger’s Wave Equation Clifford A. Pickover

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