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tditors The Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes The Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes Edited by Kazuyoshi Tanaka Kyoto University, Japan Tokio Yamabe Kyoto University, Japan Kenichi Fukui t Institutef or Fundamental Chemistry, Japan '999 Elsevier Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapore - Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 IGB, UK 0 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science. and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopie, of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photwopying. including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purpose\, rewle. and all forms of document delivery. 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V EDITORIAL Carbon nanotube (CNT) is the name of ultrathin carbon fibre with nanometer- size diameter and micrometer-size length and was accidentally discovered by a Japanese scientist, Sumio Iijima, in the carbon cathode used for the arc- discharging process preparing small carbon clusters named by fullerenes. The structure of CNT consists of enrolled graphitic sheet, in a word, and can be classified into either multi-walled or single-walled CNT (MWCNT or SWCNT) depending on its preparation method. It is understood that CNT is the material lying in-between fullerenes and graphite as a quite new member of carbon allotropes. It should be recognised that while fullerene has established its own field with a big group of investigators, the raison d'&tre of the CNT should become, and actually has become, more and more independent from that of fullerenes. As a novel and potential carbon material, CNTs would be far more useful and important compared with fullerenes from practical points of view in that they will directly be related to an ample field of "nanotechnology". It seems that a considerable number of researchers have been participating into the science of CNTs and there has been remarkable progress in the both experimental and theoretical investigations on MWCNT and SWCNT particularly during the last couple of years. Moreover, almost at the same time, an obvious turning point has been marked for the research of CNT toward explicit application targeting, e.g., electronic and/or energy-storing devices. These circumstances have assured us that it is high time to prepare an authentic second-generation monograph scoping as far as practical application of CNT in succession of the book earlier published [I] covering the results of rather first- stage studies on CNT. Undcr this planning the present monograph is entitled "The Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes" as the successive version of ref. 1 for the benefit of actual and potential researchers of these materials by collecting and arranging the chapters with emphasis on the technology for application of CNTs as well as the newest science of these materials written by top-leading researchers including our own manuscripts. In Chaps. 2-4 most updated summaries for preparation, purification and structural characterisation of SWCNT and MWCNT are given. Similarly, the most recent scopes of the theoretical treatments on electronic structures and vibrational structures can be seen in Chaps. 5-7. The newest magnetic, optical and electrical solid-state properties providing vital base to actual application technologies are described in Chaps. 8- 10. Explosive research trends toward application of CNTs including the prospect for large-scale synthesis are introduced in Chaps. 11-14. It is the most remarkable feature of this monograph that it devotes more than a half of the whole volume (Chaps. 8-14) to such practical aspects. The editors truly appreciate that all of the authors should like to offer the readers the newest developments of the science and technological aspects of CNTs. vi It is our biggest sorrow that in the course of preparation of this monograph one of the Editors, Professor Kenichi Fukui, Nobel Laureate of 198 1 in Chemistry, passed away on January 9, 1998. As one of the editors he was eager to see actual utilisation of CNT in nanotechnological devices as he described in Chap. 1 from the profound scientific viewpoint. Finally we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Vijala Kiruvanayagam of Elsevier Science for her kind cooperation as well as encouragement toward publication of this monograph. KAZUYOSHI TANAKA Chief Editor Reference 1. Carbon Nanotubes, ed. M. Endo, S. Iijima and M. S. Dresselhaus, Pergamon, Oxford, 1996. vii CONTENTS Editorial ... K. Tanaka (Chief Editor) ................................................. 111 Chapter 1 Prospect late K. Fukui ............................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Synthesis and Purification of Multi- Walled and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes .................................................................. M.Yumura 2 Chapter 3 Electron Diffraction and Microscopy of Carbon Nanotubes S. Amelinckx, A. Lucas and P. Lambin ............................... 14 Chapter 4 Structures of Multi-Walled and Single- Walled Carbon Nanotubes. EELS Study T. Hanada, Y. Okada and K. Yase ..................................... 29 Chapter 5 Electronic Structure of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes .................................. K. Tanaka, M. Okada and Y. Huang 40 Chapter 6 Phonon Structure and Raman Effect of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes .................... R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus and M. S. Dresselhaus 51 Chapter 7 Behaviour of Single-Walled Carbon Nanot.u. bes in Magnetic Fields .................................................... H. Ajiki and T. Ando 63 Chapter 8 Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Probed by Magnetic Measurements M. Kosaka and K. Tanigaki ............................................ 76