The Science and Technology Labor Force: The Value of Doctorate Holders and Development of Professional Careers PDF
Preview The Science and Technology Labor Force: The Value of Doctorate Holders and Development of Professional Careers
Science, Technology and Innovation Studies Leonid Gokhberg Natalia Shmatko Laudeline Auriol Editors The Science and Technology Labor Force The Value of Doctorate Holders and Development of Professional Careers Science, Technology and Innovation Studies Series Editors Leonid Gokhberg Moscow, Russia Dirk Meissner Moscow, Russia Science,technologyandinnovationpolicies(STIS)areinterrelatedandconnected. They are important as innovation drives economic development and societal wel- fare. The book series aims to contribute to improved understanding of these interrelations.Interdisciplinaryincoverage,theseriesfocusesonthelinksbetween STIS, business, economy and society. The series offers theoretical and practical relevancethroughstudyingconceptualandempiricalcontributions.Relevanttopics include STISanditseconomicandsocialimpacts,STISpolicy designandimple- mentation,entrepreneurshippolicies,foresightstudies,emergingtechnologiesand technologyandinnovationmanagement.Theseriesisaddressedtoprofessionalsin research and teaching, consultancies and industry, governments and international organizations. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13398 Leonid Gokhberg (cid:129) Natalia Shmatko (cid:129) Laudeline Auriol Editors The Science and Technology Labor Force The Value of Doctorate Holders and Development of Professional Careers Editors LeonidGokhberg NataliaShmatko InstituteforStatisticalStudiesand InstituteforStatisticalStudiesand EconomicsofKnowledge(ISSEK) EconomicsofKnowledge(ISSEK) NationalResearchUniversity NationalResearchUniversity HigherSchoolofEconomics HigherSchoolofEconomics Moscow,Russia Moscow,Russia LaudelineAuriol OrganisationforEconomicCooperation andDevelopment(OECD) Paris,France Science,TechnologyandInnovationStudies ISBN978-3-319-27208-5 ISBN978-3-319-27210-8 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-27210-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016940017 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland Foreword Over the last century, our societies have witnessed significant changes in their researchsystemsand the way research is conducted. One dimensionofthistrans- formation is the specialisation and professionalisation in research and research training. In this context, the figure of the doctorate graduate—the “PhD”—has becomeincreasinglyprominentforitclearlyepitomisesthissecularandrelentless trendtowardsfurtherspecialisationinresearch. The emergence of doctoral-level researchers reflects the expansion of higher educationatpostgraduatelevelsandtheincreasingroleofuniversitiesaspolesof research.Thisinturnhasledtoapolicydebateinmanycountriesoverwhatisthe appropriate model for training and supporting the career development of the next generation of researchers, those who will be in charge of providing and implementing solutions to today’s major unsolved challenges. On the one hand, the traditional, almost apprentice-like, model has proved effective at building a cadre of highly motivated individuals with the expertise and know-how that is crucialforachievingthescientificexcellenceofacademicinstitutions.Ontheother hand,thereareconcernsaboutthismodel’sabilitytotrainindividualsforcommer- cialresearchandbroaderinnovationcareersoutsidescienceoracademia,especially as increasingly many researchers circulate between institutions and from one countrytoanother. Policy experimentation such as the expansion of doctoral programs, new formsofdoctoralprogramsthatareshorterinduration,thefundingofpostdoctoral training,aswellastheprovisionofincentivestoenterprisestotemporarilyengage or permanently employ PhDs have emerged. Robust evaluation of these policy initiatives is limited by the lack of sufficiently detailed data because general householdsurveysarenotwellsuitedtomeasuringsmallpopulations. To address this gap, the OECD has teamed up with UNESCO and Eurostat to promotethesystematicmeasurementofthecareersofdoctorateholders:theCDH project.Thishashelpedelevatethedialogueaboutthedataneededandtheevidence requiredtobetterunderstandwhatincentivesandmotivationsdrivethesupplyand demandforskillsforresearchandinnovation,howtheyinteractandwhichpolicies canimprovetheoutcomes.Thisevidenceisofvaluenotonlytopolicymakersbut also to individuals who need information about their prospects when deciding whethertoundertakethemajorcommitmentofstartingaresearchcareer. v vi Foreword This volume constitutes an important step in this direction with valuable new evidence on this topic, drawing in part upon the CDH project and the network of researchers who have contributed to it. The various chapters provide different perspectives and insights on doctorate holders, their careers and labour market experiences, including some of the main outcomes of the latest wave of OECD workinthisarea. Many of the contributors have generously participated in workshops and seminars organised by the OECD and partner organizations in the context of this project to whom I am thankful. Beyond the research findings, the formation of a global community of experts who focus on the intersection of data, methodology andpolicyanalysisisasignificantoutcome.Thisbookprovidesavaluableaddition tothebodyofevidenceandwillhopefullytriggerfurtherresearchanddiscussionat atimewhenthisismuchneeded. AndrewWyckoff DirectorOECD’sDirectorateforScience TechnologyandInnovation Contents 1 RethinkingtheDoctoralDegreesintheChangingLaborMarket Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LeonidGokhberg,NataliaShmatko,andLaudelineAuriol PartI TheInternationalValueofDoctorateDegrees ontheLaborMarket 2 DoctoralEducationandLaborMarket:PolicyQuestions andDataNeeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 BarbaraM.KehmandUlrichTeichler 3 TheCareersofDoctorateHolders(CDH):PrinciplesforBroad InternationalSurveys—TheCDHExample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 LaudelineAuriol 4 DoctorateHolders’LaborMarketandMobility:TheAcademic CareerastheFirstChoice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 LaudelineAuriol,Toshiyuki‘Max’Misu,andFernandoGalindo-Rueda PartII DoctorateHolders:EmploymentOutcomeandMobility 5 ScienceandEngineeringLaborForceintheUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 StevenProudfootandThomasB.Hoffer 6 PecuniaryandScientificMotivesasDriversofPhDCareers: ExploringtheEvidencefromBelgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 KarlBoostenandAndre´ Spithoven 7 ProfessionalCareersandMobilityofRussianDoctorateHolders. . . 145 NataliaShmatkoandYurijKatchanov 8 InternationalMobilityofSpanishDoctorateHolders. . . . . . . . . . . 171 LauraCruz-Castro,KoenJonkers,andLuisSanz-Mene´ndez 9 DeterminantofCareersPatternsforDoctorateHolders. . . . . . . . . 193 JoanaDuarteandJoanaMendonc¸a vii viii Contents PartIII HumanResourcesinScienceandTechnologyandTheir ProfessionalCareers 10 TransitionfromSchooltoWorkofPhDHolders:TheCase ofFrance. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 233 JulienCalmand 11 RussianResearchers:ProfessionalValues,Remuneration andAttitudestoSciencePolicy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 LeonidGokhberg,GalinaKitova,andTatianaKuznetsova 12 ANationalApproachtoRealisingthePotentialofResearchers: TheCaseoftheUK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 273 EllenPearceandJanetMetcalfe 13 DomesticandInternationalDestinationsofJapan’sDoctorate Holders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Toshiyuki‘Max’MisuandAkiraHoroiwa 14 The‘AddedValue’ofResearchers:TheImpactofDoctorate HoldersonEconomicDevelopment. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 317 AdrianaBin,SergioSalles-Filho,FernandoA.BasileColugnati, andFa´bioRochaCampos PartIV Conclusion 15 TheMeaningofDoctorateHoldersforHumanCapital DevelopmentofNations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 DirkMeissner,LeonidGokhberg,andNataliaShmatko List of Contributors Laudeline Auriol Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris,France Adriana Bin School ofAppliedSciences, UniversityofCampinas (UNICAMP), Limeira/S~aoPaulo,Brazil Karl Boosten Belgium Science Policy Office, University of Ghent, Brussels, Belgium JulienCalmand De´partementd’Entre´esetEvolutionsdanslaVieActive(Deeva), Centred’EtudesetdeRecherchesurlesQualifications(Ce´req),Marseille,France Fa´bioRochaCampos DepartmentofScienceandTechnologyPolicy,Instituteof Geosciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Jo~ao Pandia´ Cal(cid:2)ogeras, Campinas/S~aoPaulo,Brazil Fernando A. Basile Colugnati Medical School, Federal University of Juiz de Fora(UFJF),RuaJose´Lourenc¸oKelmer,JuizdeFora/MinasGerais,Brazil Laura Cruz-Castro Department of Science and Innovation, Institute of Public GoodsandPolicies(IPP),ConsejoSuperiordeInvestigacionesCient´ıficas(CSIC), Madrid,Spain JoanaDuarte Direc¸~ao-GeraldeEstat´ısticasdeEducac¸~aoeCieˆncia,Ministe´rioda Educac¸~aoeCieˆncia,Lisbon,Portugal Fernando Galindo-Rueda Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel- opment(OECD),Paris,France Leonid Gokhberg Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, NationalResearchUniversityHigherSchoolofEconomics,Moscow,Russia Thomas B. Hoffer Education Studies Program, NORC, University of Chicago, Chicago,IL,USA AkiraHoroiwa DepartmentofInternationalResearchandCo-operation,National InstituteforEducationalPolicyResearch,Tokyo,Japan Koen Jonkers Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies(IPTS),EuropeanCommission,Seville,Spain ix
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