The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 B.C.)

548 Pages·1978·61.07 MB·English

by  William C. Hayes

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The Scepter of
Egypt
A Background for the
Study of the Egyptian Antiquities
in The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Part II: The Hyksos Period and
the New Kingdom
(1675-1080 B.C.)
BY WILLIAM C. HAYES
THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART
Distributed by HARRY N. ABRAMS,, INC. New York
FRONTISPIECE KingAmun-hotpewearingtheBlueCrown
Copyright,1959,byTheMetropolitanMuseumofArt
Firstprinting, 1959;secondprinting, 1968; thirdprinting,
1978;fourthprinting(revised),1990
ISBN0-87099-580-4
ISBN0-87099-191-4(pbk)
ISBN0-8109-3805-7(Abrams)
LibraryofCongressCatalogueCardNo.52-7286
Setin10pointLinotypeBaskerville,withBauer Weiss
for display
FormatbyPeterOldenburg
PrintedbyPlantinPress,NewYork
Reprintedinoffsetby
Meriden-StinehourPress,Lunenburg,VT
On thejacketlcoverisshownoneoftheimportant additionsto the
Museum’scollectionmadesubsequent toHayes’sstudy whichisre¬
issuedhere.Relief:ForeignersinaProcession.Dynasty18,
Gift ofNorbert Schimmel,1985
(1985.328.13)
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS V
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE xiv
I. The Hyksos Domination
i. TheHyksos 3
2. TheThebans 8
3. TheArtsandCraftsofNorthernEgyptundertheHyksos 11
4. TheArtsandCraftsofUpperEgyptduringtheHyksosPeriod 14
5. ObjectsofUnknownProvenienceDatableto theHyksosPeriod 35
6. ThePan-GravePeopleandTheirPossessions 39
II. The Rise of the New Kingdom
1. A'h-moseIandQueenAfh-moseNefret-iry 42
2. Amun-hotpeIandHisFamily 46
3. OfficialsandOtherProminentCitizensoftheTime 56
4. ProductsoftheEarlyEighteenthDynastyAteliers 59
III. The Thutmoside Pharaohs.-
Thut-moseI to Hat-shepsut
1. Thut-moseIandII 74
2. Hat-shepsut 82
3. Sen-ne-mut,HisFamily,andHisAssociates 106
IV. The Thutmoside Pharaohs:
Thut-mose III and His Successors
1. Thut-moseIII,ForgerofEmpire 114
2. TheTreasureofThreeWivesofThut-moseIII 130
3. Amun-hotpeIIandThut-moseIV 140
vi THE SCEPTER OF EGYPT
V. Private Works of Art and Craftsmanship Produced during
the Thutmoside Period
i. StatuesandStatuettes 156
2. TombReliefs,Paintings,Stelae,andVotivePlaques 163
3. OstrakawithPaintings,Drawings,andInscriptions 174
4. Jewelry 179
5. Clothing,Coiffure,andCosmetics 187
6. MusicalInstrumentsandGames 197
7. Housefurnishings 200
8. WeaponsandTools 21I
9. FuneraryEquipment 221
VI. The Reign of Amun-hotpe III
1. TheKingandHisMonuments 231
2. QueenTeyeandHerFamily 259
3. TheContemporariesofAmun-hotpeIIIandTheirPossessions 263
4. TheRiseoftheAten 279
VII. The rAmarneh Period andIts Aftermath
1. Akh-en-Aten 280
2. Semenkh-ku-Re'andMeryet-Aten 297
3. Tut-rankh-AtenBecomesTut-fankh-Amun 298
4. TheGod’sFatherAy 307
5. Hor-em-hebandtheRestoration 308
6. TheLateEighteenthDynastyinArtandCraftsmanship 310
VIII. The Nineteenth Dynasty
1. RamessesIandSethyI 326
2. Ramesses “theGreat” 334
3. ContemporariesofRamessesIIandTheirMonuments 346
4. Mery-en-PtahAvertsDisaster 352
5. TheEndoftheDynasty 355
IX. The Later Ramessides
1. TheRiseoftheTwentiethDynasty 364
2. TheLastGreatPharaohoftheNewKingdom 364
3. TheAspirationsofRamessesIV 370
4. DisintegrationunderRamessesV-X 373
5. Ramesses XIandtheEndoftheNewKingdom 377
X. The Art and Culture of the Ramesside Period
1. FigureSculpture 379
2. StelaeandOtherFormsofReliefSculpture 383
TABLE OF CONTENTS Vll
3. PaintingsandDrawings 387
4. OstrakawithInscriptions 393
5. Jewelry 394
6. Coiffure,Make-up,andGames 402
7. HouseholdFurnishings 405
8. TheProfessionsandCrafts 406
9. FuneraryArt 414
10. TheLiteratureoftheLaterNewKingdom 43i
BIBLIOGRAPHY 437
INDEXES OF PROPER NAMES
A. EgyptianandForeignKings 460
B. EgyptianandForeignPersonalNames 463
C. Divinities 466
D. GeographicandEthnicNames 468
GENERAL INDEX 474
SELECTIVE LIST OF APPROXIMATE DATES OF DYNASTIES
AND RULERS OF THE PHARAONIC PERIOD 497
LIST OF ACCESSION NUMBERS AND CREDIT LINES 503
List of Illustrations
FRONTISPIECE
King Amun-hotpeIIIwearing the Blue Crown. Head
of a quartzite statue from the great temple of Ptah at
Memphis.H.13%in.
FIGURE PAGE FIGURE PAGE
I. Royal and official scarabs of the Hyksos 24. Limestone stela of the cult servant Ken-
period 5 Amun,fromThebes 5°
2. Signet ringandalabaster vase fragment of 25. Baskets andduck case of Queen Afh-mose
KingApopyI 6 Meryet-Amun,fromher tombatThebes 53
3. Fragmentarylimestonestelaandshrinewith 26. AqueenorprincessoftheearlyEighteenth
thenamesofKingSobk-em-safII 10 Dynasty. Upper part of a statuette of in¬
4. Decorated pottery jar of foreign type from duratedlimestone 55
elLisht "3 27. The Vizier Yuy, a large wooden statuette
5. PaintedlimestonetriadfromThebes 15 fromhistombatThebes 57
6. CrudefemalefiguresfromThebesandKop- 28. Small pottery vases from the tomb of the
tos.Terracotta 17 VizierYuy 58
7. Painted limestone stela of Tetu and his 29. GlazedsteatiteshawabtyoftheChiefSteward
family !9 Sen-yu 59
8. Cosmeticvesselsofalabaster andother fine 30. ThebrothersAmun-em-hebandHu-weben-
stones 22 ef.Silver-copperalloyandwood 60
g. Musicalinstruments,includingthreeharps, 31. The lady Ta-weret, a limestone statuette
alyre,andthesoundbox ofalute 24 fromwesternThebes 62
10. Underside of a game box overlaid with 32. Mirrorsofbronzeandcopperandcombsof
ivory,fromThebes 25 hardwoodandivory.EarlyEighteenthDy¬
11. Toypack donkeyofclay 26 nasty 63
12. Asmalltableandastool witharushseat 27 33. Two“shavingsets”fromThebanburialsof
13. RishicoffininscribedfortheHouseMistress theearlyEighteenthDynasty 64
Reri 13 34. Bronze and copper vessels from a Theban
14. Funeralscenes onthesidesofarishicoffin 31 tomboftheearlyEighteenthDynasty 65
15. Shawabty-fifrurts and coffins from western 35. Cosmetic vesselsfromThebantombsofthe
Thebes 33 early Eighteenth Dynasty. Alabaster and
16. Genrefigureofawomaninredfaience 34 yellowlimestone 67
17. ScarabsandothersealsoftheHyksosperiod 36 36. WeaponsoftheearlyEighteenthDynasty 68
18. Pan-graveandNubianC-Grouppottery 39 37. CoffinofAfh-mose,sonoftheLadyNakhte,
1g. Animalhornsandfrontalbonesfromapan¬ from western Thebes. Early Eighteenth
gravecemetery 4i Dynasty 69
20. King Afh-mose I, painted limestone relief 38. Collin of Afh-mose Ta-nedjem(et) from
fromAbydos 43 western Thebes.EarlyEighteenthDynasty 7i
2i. Inscribedalabasterjar of Queen Afh-mose 39. Canopic jars ofKaty-nakhte from a tomb
Nefret-iry 45 oftheearlyEighteenthDynastyatThebes 72
22. King Amun-hotpeI,a block of limestone 40. Sidesofadaggerhandlewiththenames of
templerelief 47 KingThut-moseI 76
23. HeadofasandstoneOsiridestatueofKing 41. ScarabsofKingThut-moseIinglazedstea¬
Amun-hotpeIfromDeir elBahri 49 titeandfaience 77
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
FIGURE PAGE FIGURE PAGE
42. A modelheadrest and two small standsin 62. KingThut-moseIII,a colossalredgranite
blue faience from the tomb of the Princess statuefromMedamud 120
Arh-moseTu-meri-sy 79 63. KingThut-moseIIIasasphinx.Quartzite 121
43. Alabaster ointment jars and a multiple 64. Small head of a Thutmoside pharaoh, in
kohl-tubeinscribedwiththenameofQueen graybasalt 122
Hat-shepsut 80
65. Glazedsteatitecosmeticdishwiththename
44. Wooden door panel from the mortuary ofThut-moseIII 123
templeofKingThut-moseI 82
66. Scarabsandother sealsofKingThut-mose
45. ModelofthetempleofHat-shepsutatDeir III
elBahri(restoredat ascaleof1:100) 83 67. DoorjambfromthetomboftheChiefStew¬
46. Reconstructionofafoundationdepositfrom ardofAmun,Ro-au.Limestone 128
thetempleofQueenHat-shepsutatDeirel
68. DoubleshawabtyoftheroyalarchitectBeny-
Bahri 84
meryet,andhismother.Serpentine 130
47. Alabaster ointment jars,magicalemblems, 69. Inlaid goldheaddress of one ofThut-mose
andmodeltoolsfromfoundationdepositsof
Ill’swives.Itismountedonacastofalate
Hat-shepsut 85
EighteenthDynastyheadandamodernwig 132
48. Scarabs andcowroids from the foundation
70. Gold circlet with gazelle heads, and other
deposits ofHat-shepsut’s templeatDeir el
items ofjewelry belongingto a minor wife
Bahri 87
ofThut-moseIII 133
49. Hat-shepsut represented as Osiris: parts of 71. Broad collar made up of gold and inlaid
two painted limestone statues from the elements from the tomb of three wives of
uppermost porch of her temple at Deir el Thut-moseIII >34
Bahri 9°
72. Beadarmletofgoldandsemipreciousstones
50. Hat-shepsut as Osiris: two heads from mountingcat figures ofgoldandcarnelian >35
paintedlimestone statues whichoncestood
in niches in the uppermost court of the 73. Girdlesofgoldandsemipreciousstonesonce
queen’stempleatDeirelBahri 92-93 wornbythreewivesofKingThut-moseIII 136
51. Colossalred granite sphinx ofHat-shepsut 74. Goldfunerarytrappingsandgold-mounted
fromher templeatDeirelBahri 94 heart scarab fromthemummy ofa wifeof
KingThut-moseIII 138
52. ColossalstatueofHat-shepsutinredgranite
fromher templeatDeirelBahri 95 75. Silvermirrorwithgold-platedhandle >39
53. RedgranitecolossiofHat-shepsutfromthe 76. Serpentine unguent jar with the names of
uppermostcourtofherDeirelBahritemple 96 Thut-moseIII 140
54. Hat-shepsut,aninduratedlimestonestatue, 77. TablewareofthreewivesofKingThut-mose
probably from her funerary chapel in the III.Goldandsilverandgold-mountedglass
DeirelBahritemple 98 andalabaster 141
55. Hat-shepsut.Headandshouldersofaseated 78. SandstonesphinxofKingAmun-hotpeII 142
statueofredgranite 100-01 79. Statuette of Amun-hotpe II wearing the
56. CartoucheandprofileheadofHat-shepsut DoubleCrown >43
represented as a sphinx on a fragmentary 80. KingAmun-hotpeII(?)wearingthekheper-
limestonestatuebase 102 esh,orBlueCrown.Porphyriticdiorite '45
57. The Steward Sen-ne-mut offeringa votive 81. Shauiabty-figureofKingThut-moseIV.Blue
sistrum to the goddess Mut. Statuette in faience 148
blackporphyriticdiorite 106 82. Symbol of “life” in blue faience from the
58. Portraits ofSen-ne-mut.Twotrialsketches tombofKingThut-moseIV 149
inblackink ona flakeoflimestone 109 83. Vasesandotherobjectsinbluefaienceand
59. WhiphandleofSen-ne-mut’sSkipper,Neb- glass,fromthetombofThut-moseIV
iry.Hardwood 112 84. Carved wooden panel from the side of a
60. KingThut-moseIII.Fragmentoflimestone chairofKingThut-moseIV '52-53
relieffromwesternThebes 118 85. Partofawallpaintingfromthetombofthe
61. Limestone block from a temple of Thut- ChancellorSobk-hotpeatThebes.Tempera
moseIIIat Abydos "9 onmudplaster '54