The Sayings of Jesus in the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles PDF
Preview The Sayings of Jesus in the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles
THE SAYINGS OF JESUS SUPPLEMENTST O IN THE TEACHING OF VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE THE TWELVE APOSTLES Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE BY EDITORS A.F.J. KLIJN - J. DEN BOEFT - G. QUISPEL CLAYTON N. JEFFORD J.H. WASZINK _ J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME XI W W E.J. BRILL LEIDEN . NEW YORK . K@BENHAVN. KOLN 1989 To TWO INSPIRATIONS: MY MOTIIER MY WIFE Library of CongressC ataloging-in-PublicationD ata Jefford, Clayton N. The sayingso f Jesusi n the Teachingo f the Twelve Apostles / by Clayton N. Jefford. p. cm. - (Supplementsto Vigiliae Christianae,I SSN 0920-623X ; v. ll) Thesis( Ph.D.) - Claremont GraduateS chool, 1988. Includesb ibliographical references. ISBN 9flX091270 l. Didache.2 . JesusC hrist - Words. 3. Bible. O.T. Matthew - Sources. L Title. II. Series. BS2940.T5J,{41 989 270.1 - dc20 89-37998 UESION SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY LISfIA{iJ! CIP 99 BRATTLE STREET cAMSRtD6E- [rAt q. i]?i,1:i ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 M A9N7 O @ Copyright 1989b y E.J. Brill, The Netherlonds All rights reserved. No part of this book moy be reproduced or translated in any torm, by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche or any other mesns without written permission from the publisher PRINTED IN THE NETIIERLANDS BY E.J. BRILL CONTENTS Acknowledgements XI List of Abbreviations.. . xm I. Introduction The New Problem of the Didache I The Role of Date and Sourcesi n Contemporary Studies:A Review of Modern Research 3 The FrenchS choool f Thought...... 4 The German School of Thought 7 The British/AmericanS choolo f Thought l l Thesisa nd Objectives 17 Considerationso f Methodology 19 II. Reviewo f Texts 22 Didachel .l: The Two Ways 22 Introduction 22 Comparisono f Sources 24 A Question of Baptismal Practices 26 Conclusions 28/ Didache1 .2: The Way of Life 29 Comparison of Sources 29 The Questiono f a Tradition 3t The Love of God (Didachel .2a) . 3l The Love of Neighbor( Didachel .2b).. 32 The Golden Rule (Didachel .2c) 33 A Suggestionf rom the Matthean Gospel 33/ Conclusions 37/ Didachel .3b-2.1: PositiveA dmonitions. . . . . 38 Introduction 38 Comparisono f Sourcesf or l.3b-4 39 Evidenceo f a Matthean Tradition 43 Analysiso f 1.5 48 Analysiso f 1.6 5l Conclusions s2/ Didache2 .2-7:TheL aw . 53 Introduction 53 Comparisono f Sourcesf or 2.2-3 55 VIII CONTENTS IX CONTENTS Analysiso f 2.2-5 56 On Fasting 137 Analysiso f 2.6-7 )t On Prayer 137 ParallelsO utsideo f the SynopticG ospels 60 On Table Fellowship 138 "'Significant y' Conclusions.. . 6l ChristologyinP erspective.... l4l Didache3 : A Fenceto the Law (Part l)..... 63 Summary of Conclusions 142 Introduction 63 Analysiso f 3.1-6 63 Appendix A: Q 13:23-24 (Matt 7:13-14/Luke 13:23-24) 146 Analysiso f 3.8-10 69 Appendix B: Table of Sources for the Didache 160 "'Conclusions.. . . 70 Didache3 .7: The Meek . It SelectedB ibliography 162 Comparisono f Sources IJ Psalm3 7:lla t3 Index of Texts . l7l Matthew5 :5 .. . t) Index of Authors 17,9 Barnabas1 9.4.. 77 General Index. 182 Didache3 .7. .. 78 '.1'bonclusions..... 80 Didache4 -5: A Fencet o the Law (Part 2) 8l Didache1 6: The Little Apocalypse. 85 Summaryo f Conclusion.s. .. 90 III. RelatedI nvestigation.s. .. . 93 The Witness from Pauline Tradition 93 The Text of Didache6 . . .. . 93 The ApostolicD ecreeo f Acts 15 .... 96 A New Construction:T he Role of World-View .. 98 Introduction 98 Analysiso f l-5(6) 99 Analysiso f 7-10 r03 Analysiso f l1-15 108 Analysiso f 16 and l.3b-2.1 113 Conclusions 115 The Question of a Community Hierarchy ll8 The MattheanC ommunity.... ll8 The Enigma of the Didache 123 Further Elementsin the Reconstructiono f a Community. . 129 What is Known from the M Source. 130 Common Elementsa nd Perspective.s 132 From Jew to Gentile 133 Words and Phrases 135 The Witnesso f Ritual and Tradition. . . . . 135 On Ritual Immersion 136 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sincen o book is written in a vacuum,t here are numerousp ersonst o whom I would like to expressm y appreciationf or their guidance,e ncouragement, assistancaen d patiencei n the completiono f this volume. My initial interest in the literatureo f the ApostolicF athersa nd its implicationsf or the studyo f the New Testamentf irst was spawnedb y my mentor at SoutheasternB aptist TheologicaSl eminaryin Wake Forest,N C, the late ProfessorJ ohn E. Steely. I am indeptedt o his inspirationf or my continuedw ork in thesef ields.A lso, I would like to thank ProfessorJ amesE . Goehring,w ho directedm y first seriouss tudy of the Didachea t The ClaremontG raduateS chooli n Clare- mont, CA. His influenceu pon this text remainsp rominent,d espiteh is even- tual departuret o Mary WashingtonC ollegei n FredericksburgV, A. The presenvt olumew asc onceiveda nd producedt o servea sm y dissertation for the Ph.D. degreew, hich I receivedfr om The ClaremontG raduateS chool in 1988.I am grateful for the time and efforts of thoses cholarsw ho served as my committeea dvisorsi n that task: ProfessorJ amesM . Robinson( chair- person)a nd ProfessorK arenJ . Torjeseno f The ClaremontG raduateS chool, ProfessorJ amesA . Sanderso f the Schoolo f Theologya t Claremonta nd Pro- fessorK aren L. King of OccidentalC ollegei n Los Angeles,C A. I owe a specialg ratitudet o ProfessorT orjesenf or her encouragementot seeka wider audiencefo r the manuscript.A lso, speciatlh anksa re duet o Mr. J. G. Deahlo f E. J. Brill for his technicaal ssistancien the processo f publica- tion. Finally, I wish to thank my family for their patiencea nd encouragement throughoutt he yearst hat I neglectedth em in order to obtain my doctorate in religiouss tudies.M y specialt hanks go to the two personst o whom this book is dedicated:m y wife, Susan,a nd my mother, Beth. They continually haves upportedm y thoughtsa nd aspirations,b oth with their spiritual guid- ancea nd economica ssistanceT.h e currentv olumew ould not haveb eenp ossi- ble without their own unique and individual contributions. CreyroN N. Jsrronn The ClaremontG raduateS chool Claremont,C alifornia, USA January1 989 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PRIMARY SOURCES 'Aboth R. Nat. Sayingso f Rabbi Nathan AC Apostolic Constitutions 2-3 APoc. Bar. Syriac, Greek Apocalypseo f Baruch Apoc. Pet. Apocalypseo f Peter Athan. eP. fest. Athanasiuso f Alexandria, epistulo rum festi val ium frogmenta Bar Baruch Barn. Epistle of Barnabas b. Bek. Babylonian Talmud, tractate Bekorot b. Hul. Babylonian Talmud, fiactate l.Iullin b. Sukk. Babylonian Talmud, tractateS ukko Cic. tusc. Cicero , d isp u t at io nes tuscuI a nae Clem. paed. Clement of Alexandria, poedagogus Clem. protr. Clement of Alexandria, protrepticus Clem. sfr. Clement of Alexandria, stromsteis l-2 Clem. l-2 Clement Col Colossians l-2 Cor 1-2C orinthians Deut Deuteronomy Did. Didache Dida. Didascalia Dor. doct. Dorotheus Abbas, doctrinae diversae Dor. ep. Dorotheus Abbas, epistulae Eccl Ecclesiastes Ep. Arist. Epistle of Aristeas Eph Ephesians l-2 Esdr l-2 Esdras Exod Exodus Gal Galatians Gos. Thom. Gospel of Thomas H Hierosolymitanus5 4 (Creek version of the Didache) Herm. Man, Shepherdo f Hermas, tractate Mandates Herm. Sim. Shepherdo f Hermas, tractate Similitudes Herm. Vis. Shepherdo f Hermas, tractate Visions Hipp. trod. ap. Hippolytus, traditio apostolica Hos Hosea Iren. haer. Irenaeus,a dversush aereses Isa Isaiah Jer Jeremiah Jos. .4"/ Flavius Joseph\s, antiquitotesj udaicae Josh Joshua Just. dial. Justin Martyr, diologusc um tryphonej udaeo Jrst. l-2 apol. Justin Martyr, apologiae KO Church Ordinances L Doctrina apostolorum (Latin version of the Didache) Lev Leviticus LXX Septuagint M SpecialM atthean source l-2 Macc l-2 Maccabees XIY ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS xv Mort. Pol. Martyrdom of Polycarp CNT Commentaired u NouveauT estament Matt Gospel of Matthew CQ Church Quarterly Mek. Bah. Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael, tractate Bahodesh csco.c Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientalium. Scriptoresc optici Mic Micah CSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the Study of Judaism and MT Masoretic Text Christianity in Antiquity. NT New Testament EBib Etudes bibliques Orig. prin. Origen, de principiis EF EuropiiischesF orum OT Old Testament EKKNT Evangelisch-katholischeKro mmentar zum Neuen Testament l-2 Pet l-2 Peter Exp The Expositor Phil Philippians FRLANT Forschungenz ur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Philo decal. Philo Judaeus, de decalogo Testaments POxy Oxyrhynchus papyrus FV Foi et Vie Prov Proverbs FzB Forschungz ur Bibel Ps(s) Psalm(s) HTKNT Herders theologischerK ommentar zum NeuenT estament Ps-Clem. hom. Pseudo-Clementine homilies (homiliae C lementinae\ HTR Harvard Theological Review a Sayings Gospel Q ICSR International Conferencef or the Sociologyo f Religion IQS Qumran Rule of the Community (Manual of Discipline) JSJ Journal for the Study of fudaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and 4QpPs Psalm Scroll of Qumran Cave 4 Roman Period Rom Romans JTS Journal of Theological Studies Sib. Or. Sibylline Oracles KIT KleineT extef iir Vorlesungenu nd Ubungen Sir Sirach KNT Kommentar zum Neuen Testament T. Asher Testament of Asher LCL Loeb ClassicalL ibrary T. Benj. Testament of Benjamin LEC Library of Early Christianity T. Dan. Testament of Dan NovT Novum Testamentum T. Gad Testament of Gad NovTSup Novum Testamentum,S upplements T. Isa. Testament of Isaac NTAbh NeutestamentlicheA bhandlungen 7- 1ss. Testament of Issachar NTD Das Neue TestamentD eutsch T. 12 Patr. Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs NTS New TestamentS tudies Tert. virg. vel. Tertullian, de virginibus velandis Nrs New Testqment Studies l-2 Thes 1-2 Thessalonians oBo Orbis biblicus et orientalis 1-2T im 1-2 Timothy PEQ Polestine Exploration Quarterly Tob Tobit PETSE Paperso f the Estonian TheologicalS ocietyi n Exile Wis Wisdom of Solomon PFLUS Publicationsd e la facult6 des letters de I'universit€ de Strasbourg Zech Zechariah RB Revue biblique RelSRev Religious Studies Review RM Die Religionend er Menschheit SECONDARY SOURCES RNT RegensburgeNr euesT estament AASF Annales academiae scientiarum Fennica sAW Studienheftez ur Altertumswissenschaft AB The Anchor Bible SBLDS Societyo f Biblical Literature DissertationS eries AF The Apostolic Fathers: A New Translation and Commentary SBS Stuttgarter Bibelstudien AnBib Analecta biblica SBT Studiesi n Biblical Theology AndRev Andover Review SC Sourcesc hr6tienne ATR Anglican Theological Review SD Studiesa nd Documents BBET Beitriige zur biblischen Exegese und Theologie SecCent The SecondC enturJ BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium SGKA Studienz ur Ceschichteu nd Kultur des Altertums Bess Bessarione SKK.NT StuttgarterK leiner Kommentar. Neuen Testament BFCT Beitriige zur Fcirderung christlicher Theologie SNTSMS Society for New TestamentS tudiesM onograph Series Bib Biblica StPatr Studia Patristica Bibs(F) Biblische Studien (Freiburg) Str-B [H. Strack andl P. Billerbeck, Kommentar des Neuen Testament Bibs(N) Biblische Studien (Neukirchen, l95l- ) SVTG SeptuagintaV etus TestamentumG raecum BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylonds University Library of Manchester TDNT G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (eds.), TheologicalD ictionary of the New BKAT Biblischer Kommentar: Altes Testament Testament BSac Bibliotheca Sacra Theoph. Theophaneia.B eitragez ur Religions-u nd Kirchengeschichted es BU Biblische Untersuchungen Altertums CBQ Cat holic Biblical Quorterly THKNT TheologischerH andkommentarz um NeuenT estament CHS Protocol of the Colloquy of the Center for Hermeneuticul Studies in TQ Theol o g isch e Quar t alsch rifl Hellenistic and Modern Culture XVI ABBREVIATIONS TU Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur UNT Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament wBc Word Biblical Commentary CHAPTER ONE WMANT WissenschaftlicheM onographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament WUNT WissenschaftlicheU ntersuchungen zum Neuen Testament INTRODUCTION ZBNT Ziiricher Bibelkommentare Neues Testament ZNW Zeitschrift filr neutestamentliche Wissenschoft ZTK Zeitschrift fi)r Theologie und Kirche The New Problem of the Didsche English quotations of the Bible come from The New Oxford Annototed Bible, edited by Herbert G. May and Bruce M. Metzger (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973). English quotations The discoveryo f the Greekt ext of the Didache( = H) by ArchbishopB ryen- from the Didache are based upon The Apostolic Fathers, translated by Kirsopp Lake (LCL, no. nios in 1873o ccurreda t a time when biblical scholarshipw as beginningt o 24/l;Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, l9l2; London: william Heinemann, l9l2)3o3- 33. Sigla for standard biblical manuscript referencesa re taken from the Novum Testamentum assumeth e reins of its own destiny.A s the emergenceo f twentieth-century Groece, edited by Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland (26th ed.; Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, "criticisms" loomed imminentlyu pon the horizon, scholarsw ere poisedt o t9'79\. transcendth e restrictionst hat dogmaticsh ad imposedu pon biblical scholar- ship for centuriesa nd to open themselvetso a new arenai n which scripture could be evaluatedb, oth with respectto textuali ntegritya nd with respectto historicalw itness. In the faceo f suchp romise,a generationo f scholarsh eld a uniquea dvan- tagew ithin their disciplinet hat eventuallyw ould be lost as the world of bibli- cal studiese xpandeda nd segmentedit self into specializedfi elds. On the one hand, biblical scholarsp reparedt o evaluatet he canona part from the restric- tions and apart from the rigorso f contemporarye cclesiasticaplo litics;o n the otherh and,t heyr emainedth e pupilsa nd the producto f a tradition whiche m- phasizedt hat researchin to the primitive church wast o be at onceb oth biblical in orientationa nd ecclesiailn scope.I ndeed,s uch academicianms aintained the broad perspectiveth at existedf or thoset o whom the study of scripture was not to be undertakenw ithout somec onsiderationo f early churchs truc- turesa nd of sociologicadl evelopment- they werea t onceb oth studentso f biblical studiesa nd studentso f patristici nvestigations. Among the primary contributionst o the fervor of the agew eret he discov- erieso f papyri in Egypt that offeredf reshg limpseso f earlyG reco-Romanli fe I and the socialb ackgroundo fthe nascenct hurch. The "modern" perception of the historya nd of the theologyo f earlyC hristianity,w hich previouslyh ad beenc onstructedth rough the narrow "glasses"o f the Church Fathers,n ow wasi nfusedw ith freshi nsightsa nd considerationtsh at could havea riseno nly througha n uncensoredp erspectivoef antiquity. It wasi n this "age ofexpecta- tion" that the Didachea ppeared.B ut unlike many of the papyri that were discoveredd uring the mid-nineteenthto the mid-twentiethc enturiest,h e Di- dachew asa documentt hat bore directlyu pon the situationo f a specifice arly Christianc ommunity. ' For representativdeis cussionosn thes tatuso f papyrologicadl iscoverieasn dt heira pplication to biblicals tudiess, eeT urner,P apyri, l7-53, 154-71R; oberts,M anuscript,p assim;a nd, White, Letters,3-20. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Scholarsth usw elcomedth e opportunityt o evaluateth e text of the Didache, resolved at some point in former days, or at worst, are the subject of tacit not only with respectt o its witnesst o the biblical tradition, but also with agreementw ithin scholarship. At best, the text has been well-researchedu nder respectto its witnessto the structureo f the earlyc hurch.A nd to both of these the aegis of new methodologies, while many foundational issues have re- researcha renast he Didache had much to offer. Unfortunately, however,t he mained unresolved to any definitive degree. late nineteenth-centuryv iew of the early church milieu was far from complete, The eventual result of this progressiveh istory of modern examinations into and the enigmaticn ature of the Didache perhapso ffered as much confusion the Didache has been an unfortunate loss of interest in this fascinating text as it offered assistancteo the reconstructiono f apostolica nd post-apostolic by "the students of the students of the scholars" who first examined the congregationsT. his confusioni s evidenta t once in the variously-divergent writing at the turn of the century. From the beginning this has been based datesa nd historiesf or the text that werep roffered by scholarsa round the turn upon the mistaken assumptions either that all of the problems were resolved of the century. In many respectst,h e newly "rediscovered"D idachew as a long ago or that the text is of such an enigmatic nature that it has little to offer "discovery that was aheado f its time" - a documentt hat was eminently any contemporary biblical scholar who is grounded in the quest for historical suited for the instruction of modern biblical scholarsa nd church historians, accuracy. In reality, however, the past one hundred years of research by yet was too much an "enigmatic" (a "unique") documentation of early biblical and patristic scholarsh ave led to a more solid foundation upon which Christian existencet o assisti n any definitive understandingo f the primitive definitive statements with regard to the text of the Didache can be made. It church. is from theses tudiesa nd their findings (though not necessarilyf rom their con- Two primary issuesh avel ed to this modern characterizationo f the Didache clusions) that some postulations concerning the date and the origin of the as a somewhats ingular witnesst o the early church: the question of date and Didache now can be advanced. the questiono f origin (or provenance)W. hile thesei ssuesc ontinually are acknowledged" in passing" by those who have attemptedt o deciphert he Di- The Role of Date and Sourcesi n Contemporary Studies: dache,a nd whilet hesei ssuesp eriodicallyh aver eceivedd iscussionin thosee x- A Review of Modern Research tended volumest hat are devotedt o the nature and to the background of the text, most contemporarys cholarsh ave attemptedt o examinev arious aspects The centrala xisa roundw hichs cholarlya ssumptioncso ncerningb oth the date of the text under the assumptiont hat such questionsa lready have been re- and the origin of the Didacheh ave been constructedis that of the sayings solved in a definitive manner. Other inquiries that are associatedw ith the materialsw hich are preservedin the text. Specificallys, cholarsh aves truggled Didache always remain available for would-be studentsw ho would launch to identify the relationshipb etweenth e SynopticG ospelsa, nd, more recently, critical investigationso f the text. Thus, recent scholars consistently have the growth of the Synoptic tradition, with the sayingso f Jesust hat are chosen to examine questionst hat are related to sources,t extual integrity, reflectedp rimarily in chaps.l -5 and l6 of the Didache.T hoses cholarsw ho Christology, Jewish and Hellenistic motifs and terminology, thematic pat- would viewt he Didachea s a product of the first-centuryc hurchm ust explain terns, etc. Each of these studies,h owever,h as been devotedi n the final by necessityth e nature of theses ayingsa s a strain (tradition?)o f materials analysist o an examinationo f the Didachet hat is basedu pon the recognition that is divergentf rom the sayingsth at arep reservedin the Synoptict radition. that a previous generationo f researchersh as resolvedt he questionso f date Thoses cholarsw ho would viewt he Didachea st he producto f the earlys econd and of milieu, when in fact, no "objective" and conclusived eterminationf or throught he fourth centuriesm uste xplaint he sayingsa sa n awkwardr endition theseq uestionse ver has been achieved. of somef orm of the NT Gospelst hat we now possess. To compound the dilemma, the confusion among nineteenth-century In order to datet heses ayingsm aterials,i t hasb ecomen ecessarfyo r many scholarsw ith respectt o the questionso f date and of origin for the Didache scholarst o engagei n a form of circular thinking. From the outset, most was inherited by their students,w ho themselvesb ecamet he biblical and reviewerso f the Didacheh avep ostulateda date for the sayingsth at is based patristic scholarso f the early- and mid-twentiethc entury. The onseto f source upon the nature of the attendante cclesiaal nd liturgical materialst hat one criticism, form criticism and redactionc riticism in turn offered theses tudents finds elsewherwe ithin the text. Thus,t he dateo f the sayingsa, nd subsequent- an opportunity to examinet he text of the Didachei n a more exactingm anner, ly the suggestedp rovenanceo f the community from which the text derived apart from the needt o persisti n the resolutiono f the questionso f date and (when such speculationi ndeedi s attempted),i s justified accordingt o the of origin. such issuesb egant o receivel essa ttention,t herebyt o producea nature of the materialst hat appeari n chaps.7 -15 of the text, which them- generationo f studentso f the text who havea ssumedth at theseq uestionsw ere selvesu nquestionablcyo mef rom the latests tagesin the compositionahl istory CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION of the writing. Suchm aterialsc an provide a terminusa nte quem at best.T hey directly upon the Matthean Gospel - a scholarly perspectivet hat had shedl ittle light upon the earliestf orm of the text. Rarely are the sayingse x- achievedg eneral recognition by the early twentieth century. In his noted amined and then dated accordingt o their own merits, and rarely is the nature monograph Influence de I'Evangile de saint Matthieu sur Ia littirature chri- of that community which produced the Didache judged according to the fiennea vants aint lrinde (1950),w hich wasd evotedp ainstakinglyto this hy- traditio-historical and sociologicalp arametersu nder which theses ayingsm a- pothesisE, douardM assauxin sistedt hat the Didachistk new of the Matthean terials appeared. This is unfortunate, since these sayings traditionally are Gospel,b oth in its useo f the sayingst hat werea ttributedt o Jesusa nd in its acknowledgedt o be among the oldest portions of the text. reflectiono f early Christianm oral instruction.aM assauxp roposedt hat the Before we attempt to rectify this "methodological misconception" in the Sermono n the Mount wasa speciasl ourceo f interestf or the Didachist,w hose study of those sayingsm aterialst hat are preservedi n the Didache, it is useo f rd e0ayy6l,rov(" the Gospel")t hroughoutt he text wast o be considered necessaryto review former attempts to engaget he text. Conveniently, these as a direct referenceto the MattheanG ospeli tself. He concludedin his final attemptsm ay be classifiedin to threed ominants choolso f thought,i .e., asa p- analysist hat the Didachem ust be seena s an apologeticd ocumentf rom the proachest hat align themselvesa ccordingt o the three dominant languageso f period of Justin, a documentt hat wasc onstructeda s a catecheticarl ecapitula- the primary individual researchers.2 tion of the Mattheant ext. Without question,t he most influentialo f the Frenchs cholarst o undertake work upon the Didachew as Jean-PauAl udet, who attackedt he hypothesis The FrenchS choolo f Thought that the Didachew as dependenut pon the Synoptics.I n certainr espectsh, e The first French scholaro f record to examinet he Didachew as Paul Sabatier, returnedt o many of the assumptionsth at had beene spousedb y Sabatier.I n whosew ork AIAAXH TQN IB' AUODTOAQN: La Didachi ou L'enseigne- his massivec ommentaryu pon the Didache, entitled La Didachi: Instructions ment des douze apdtres (1885)a rgued that the Didache was composeda t an des apdtres (1958), Audet sought to divide the text into three redactional unknown locationi n Syria around the middle of the first century.3S abatier levels.5T he earliesto f thesel evelsd erivedf rom a time beforet he appearance soughtt o datet he text accordingt o the following guidelinest:h e catechetical of the first written gospel.T he redactoro f this earliestle vela lsow asr esponsi- tradition, which differed from that of the Synoptics;t he simplistic rites of ble for the secondle velo f the text, which itself indicatess omek nowledgeo f baptism and eucharist;t he dependenceo f the ecclesiasticaclh argeu pon spirit- a gospelt hat was similar to that of the Matthean Gospel. The final level of ual gifts; the clearly-definede schatologicael xpectation;a nd, the Jewishc har- redactionw as a serieso f interpolationst hat were derived from severalg ospel actero f the document.I n eacho f theseg uidelinesh e found evidenceo f the sources,t hough the current effect of "harmonization" that appearsi n the primitive church in its first stageso f evolution. Sabatiere nvisionedt he Greek version of the Didache must be attributed to a later stagei n the Didachea s an anciente cclesiasticaml anual that arosei n responseto the needs transmissiono f the text (representendo w by the text of H), and shouldn ot of practical disciplinep rior to the composition both of the Synoptic Gospels be attributedt o the interpolator.6 and of the letterso f Paul. Accordingt o Sabatier,it is for this reasont hat the Audet basedm any of his views concerningt he Didache upon the recently sayingsi n the text seemt o differ from thosew hich are preservedin the Synop- discoveredm anuscriptsf rom the Qumran area. It was from this corpuso f tic tradition distinctly sectarianl iteraturet hat he traced themesa nd motifs which were while much of what sabatiero bservedw ith respectt o the early liturgical paralleledin the Didache.T In a partial return to the conclusionso f Sabatier traditions in the Didache also was recognized both by English-speaking (andi n a completer eversaol f the positiono f Massaux),A udet attributedt he scholarsa nd by their German-speakingc ounterparts,h is dating of the text earliestm aterialsin the Didachet o the first half of the first century,s incet he was not widely acceptedT. he next major examinationo f the Didachet o be literary and the doctrinal affinities betweent he text of the Didachea nd the spawnedf rom within the French tradition rejectedS abatier'sd ating, and materialso f Qumran were so predominant.B y the samet oken, the sayings adheredt o the view that the sayingsm aterialsi n the Didachew ered ependent 2 " Massaux,I nfluence, 3-6, 647-55. As has beenn oted above, the following Forschungsberichits concernedp rimarily with the 5 The levelst hat wered elineatedb y Audet (Didachi, 104-20)a re as follows: Dr = l.l-3a;2.2- scholarlyc onsiderationso f the questionso f date and of provenancef or the Didache.F or an ex- 5.2;7.1;8.1-11.D2;z = ll.3-13.2;1 4.l-16.8I; = l.3b-2.16; .2-3;1.2-4:13.53-,7 .A udetc on- cseel'e leK- nlots puppepnlebmoregn,.t .aSrle avyiienwgo sf, "t4h _e2 te3x.t from the perspectiveo f form- and redaction-criticails sues, clu6d Aeudtd heat,t Dl.4idao cahndd, 1138.74-w 2e1r0e.e venl ater interpolationsto the text. Sabatier,D idachi, 150-65. ? Seef or example,A udet, "Affinitds litteraires," 2lg-38
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